Difference between revisions of "Treaties and International Agreements"

From Basel Action Network Wiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(36 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
==List of Treaties and International Agreements==
+
==Waste Trade Treaties==
 +
 
 +
Below are some additional treaties/international agreements which deal with the international movement of toxic materials:
  
 
*[[Bamako Convention]]
 
*[[Bamako Convention]]
 
:This convention prohibits the import into Africa of any hazardous, including radioactive, wastes, as well as products which have been banned, cancelled or withdrawn from registration for environmental or health reasons.
 
:This convention prohibits the import into Africa of any hazardous, including radioactive, wastes, as well as products which have been banned, cancelled or withdrawn from registration for environmental or health reasons.
 
*[[Basel Convention]] and [[Ban Amendment]]
 
:The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1989) together with its Ban Amendment (1995) deals with the control and banning of abusive transboundary movements of hazardous wastes.  The Ban Amendment prohibits exports of hazardous wastes from the OECD, EC and Liechtenstein to all other countries.
 
  
 
*[[Central American Agreement]]
 
*[[Central American Agreement]]
Line 12: Line 11:
 
*[[Izmir Protocol]]
 
*[[Izmir Protocol]]
 
:This protocol prohibits the export of hazardous and radioactive wastes to non-OECD countries and those Parties that are not members of the European Community are prohibited from importing hazardous and radioactive wastes.
 
:This protocol prohibits the export of hazardous and radioactive wastes to non-OECD countries and those Parties that are not members of the European Community are prohibited from importing hazardous and radioactive wastes.
 
*[[London Convention Protocol]]
 
:This convention bans virtually all industrial and radioactive waste from being dumped or incinerated at sea.
 
 
*[[Minamata Convention]]
 
:This convention seeks to limit overall use of mercury and mercury compounds with the intent of protecting human health and the environment.
 
 
*[[Rotterdam Convention]]
 
:This convention seeks to ensure that exports of extremely dangerous chemicals only take place with the consent of the recipient country, and replaces the current voluntary prior informed consent regime with a mandatory one. 
 
 
*[[Stockholm Convention]]
 
:This convention aims to eliminate from commercial use and release, 24 of the most dangerous global pollutants including the highly toxic, by-products of chlorine chemistry – dioxins and furans. 
 
  
 
*[[Waigani Convention]]
 
*[[Waigani Convention]]
 
:This treaty prohibits each Pacific Island developing Party from importing all hazardous and radioactive wastes from outside of the Convention area. Australia and New Zealand are prohibited from exporting hazardous or radioactive wastes to all other South Pacific Forum Island countries.
 
:This treaty prohibits each Pacific Island developing Party from importing all hazardous and radioactive wastes from outside of the Convention area. Australia and New Zealand are prohibited from exporting hazardous or radioactive wastes to all other South Pacific Forum Island countries.
  
==Status of Treaties and International Agreements==
+
*[[:File:Country Status-EU Waste Shipment Regulation - June 14, 2006.pdf|Waste Shipment Regulation (EU)]]
===Package Deal: Five Treaties to Fight Pollution===
+
:This legislation is binding on all 28 member states of the European Union.  It implements not only the Basel Convention but also the Basel Ban Amendment (Basel Decision III/1) prohibiting the export of all hazardous wastes from member states of the OECD, EU and Liechtenstein (Annex VII) to all non-Annex VII countries.
May, 2015
 
  
'''Time for Entry into Force for All Five'''  
+
==General Toxics Treaties==
 +
BAN currently focuses advocacy efforts on these five treaties/international agreements. (For more, see ''[[Treaties_and_International_Agreements#Other Treaties and International Agreements|Other Treaties and International Agreements]]'').
  
Some very significant milestones of international environmental law have occurred in recent years.  First, the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade entered into force on 24 February 2004Then, on 17 May 2004 the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) entered into force. And in 2009, the 1996 London Convention Protocol also achieved the requisite ratifications to enter into the force of international law.  Governments, intergovernmental bodies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) alike celebrated the successful adoption of these vital treaties.
+
*[[Basel Convention]] and [[Ban Amendment]]
 +
:Deals with the control and banning of abusive transboundary movements of hazardous wastesThe Ban Amendment prohibits exports of hazardous wastes from the OECD, EC and Liechtenstein to all other countries.
  
<u>Unfortunately</u>, any further celebration must be put on hold, as two of the Package of 5 Toxic Treaties have still, as yet not entered into international force.  Most notably, '''the Basel Convention with the Basel Ban Amendment remains an unfulfilled promise!'''  Without the Ban Amendment, envisaged as being part of the Convention since the beginning, the Basel Convention cannot be considered complete. Until the Ban Amendment enters into force, every country that has not yet done so should move with haste to ratify each of the treaties described below:
+
*[[London Convention Protocol]]
 +
:Bans virtually all industrial and radioactive waste from being dumped or incinerated at sea.  
  
1. '''The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1989)''' '''''together with''''' '''its Ban Amendment (1995)''' deals with the control and banning of abusive transboundary movements of hazardous wastes.  The Ban Amendment, which prohibits exports of hazardous wastes from the OECD, EC and Liechtenstein to all other countries, was passed twice by consensus; dramatically changing the effect of the original Basel Convention.  The 1995
+
*[[Minamata Convention]]
Basel Amendment strengthened the original treaty to such an extent that without the amendment, the original text must be viewed as unacceptably out of date. For more information on the significance of the Basel Ban Amendment see BAN Briefing Paper No. 1.  At COP10 in October 2011, it was decided that the amendment will enter into force when 68 of the 90 countries that were Parties to the Convention in 1995 ratify the agreement.  To date 56 of these have ratified leaving just 12 more needed.  See BAN Briefing Paper No. 4 for more information on the countdown to entry into force.  
+
:Seeks to limit overall use of mercury and mercury compounds with the intent of protecting human health and the environment.  
  
2. '''The Protocol to the London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Waste and Other Matter (1996)''' now in force and thus replaces the original London Dumping Convention (1972).  The protocol, rather than prescribing which dumping can take place, takes a more precautionary approach to its predecessor.  It utilizes a reverse list, which assumes that wastes cannot be dumped in our global commons unless explicitly reviewed and especially listedThus the treaty bans virtually all industrial and radioactive waste from being dumped or incinerated at sea.
+
*[[Rotterdam Convention]]
 +
:Seeks to ensure that exports of extremely dangerous chemicals only take place with the consent of the recipient country, and replaces the current voluntary prior informed consent regime with a mandatory one.   
  
3. '''The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (1998)''' was the first international treaty to deal with chemical products.  It seeks to ensure that exports of extremely dangerous chemicals only take place with the consent of the recipient country, and replaces the current voluntary prior informed consent regime with a mandatory one.  The treaty currently covers 43 chemicals including 33 pesticides and is now in force.
+
*[[Stockholm Convention]]
 
+
:Aims to eliminate from commercial use and release, 24 of the most dangerous global pollutants including the highly toxic, by-products of chlorine chemistry – dioxins and furans.
4. '''The Stockholm Convention (2001)''' for the first time, aims to eliminate from commercial use and release, 24 of the most dangerous global pollutants including the highly toxic, by-products of chlorine chemistry – dioxins and furans. It will minimize the releases of these compounds from a variety of industrial and consumer sources through the substitution of less toxic products and processes.  The Stockholm Convention moved from paper promise to international law in just three short years.  The success of Stockholm in attaining this goal, much like Rotterdam’s, came about due to the aggressive promotion and support given by the Secretariat of the Convention in getting the Parties to ratify. 
 
 
 
5. '''The Minamata Convention (2013)''' is the most recent addition to the “Package of Five”, having been adopted in October of 2013. This treaty seeks to limit overall use of mercury and mercury compounds with the intent of protecting human health and the environment. It has only been ratified by 12 Parties to the Convention thus far, requiring 38 more for entry into force.
 
 
 
{|class="wikitable"
 
!The Package of Five
 
!Ratifications to Date
 
!Ratifications for Entry into Force
 
!Date of Entry into Force
 
|-
 
|Minamata Convention
 
|12
 
|Needs 50?
 
|?
 
|-
 
|Basel Convention <u>'''with'''</u> Ban Amendment (Sept. 1995)
 
|81
 
|68 (of COP3)
 
|2015?
 
|-
 
|London Convention Protocol (Nov. 1996)
 
|45
 
|26
 
|In force in 2006
 
|-
 
|Rotterdam Convention (Sept. 1998)
 
|154
 
|50
 
|In force in 2004
 
|-
 
|Stockholm Convention (May 2001)
 
|179
 
|50
 
|In force in 2004
 
|}
 
  
'''Progress Reports on the''' '''''“Package of Five” '''''
+
==Country by Country==
 
BAN has compiled a country progress report on ratification of the '''“Package of Five”''' – the five most significant global toxics agreements.  We will keep this report card up to date on our website (www.ban.org/country_status/report_card.html). 
 
In the table below one can view a summary of the report card showing how many countries have ratified none, one, two, three, four, or five of the “Package of Five” treaties.
 
 
 
{|class="wikitable"
 
|-
 
|Number of "Package of Five" Ratified
 
|0<br/>
 
Failing
 
|1<br/>
 
Fair
 
|2<br/>
 
Good
 
|3<br/>
 
Very Good
 
|4<br/>
 
Excellent
 
|5<br/>
 
Exceptional
 
|-
 
|Number of Countries
 
|8
 
|24
 
|68
 
|70
 
|24
 
|1
 
|}
 
 
A review of the report card indicates a somewhat positive trend in ratifications. The numbers of countries receiving failing marks continue to drop in the past few years, while several countries moved up from Fair and Good categories to Very Good and Excellent. The steady increases in countries receiving Very Good, and Excellent marks are a noteworthy step forward. 
 
 
<u>'''''Countries notably receiving an “Exceptional” grade are:'''''</u> 
 
 
 
Uruguay
 
 
<u>'''''Countries notably receiving an “Excellent” grade are:'''''</u> 
 
 
Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Congo, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Ghana, Ireland, Kenya, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Saudi Arabia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, and United Kingdom.
 
 
<u>'''''Countries notably receiving a “Very Good” grade are:'''''</u>
 
 
Albania, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Canada, Colombia, Cook Islands, Cote d’Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, EU, Finland, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Hungary, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, Madagascar, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Oman, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, St. Kitts and Nevis, Suriname, Syrian Arab Republic, Tanzania, Tonga, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, and Zambia.
 
 
<u>'''''Notable countries receiving a “Failing” grade include:'''''</u> 
 
 
Bhutan, Grenada, Haiti, Iraq, San Marino, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.
 
 
'''Getting Serious About a Toxics-Free Future'''
 
 
Its time for all nations to get serious about the toxics crisis we all face.  Around the world in the last 50 years, incidence of most cancers is steadily on the rise, becoming a slow-motion global epidemic.  In the United States, from 1950 to 1992, age-adjusted rates of all cancers combined showed an incident increase of 54%.  Also increasing are diseases associated with immune deficiency such as asthma, diabetes and infectious diseases (not including AIDS).  29 types of birth defects are on the rise. Most researchers conclude that many of these increases must be attributable to as yet unexplained environmental pathways. 
 
 
Meanwhile, 500 new chemicals are introduced into commercial use each year and more than 50,000 of those already in use have never been tested for their teratogenic or carcinogenic effects.  At the back end of the chemical cycle, hazardous wastes continue to increase globally, exceeding the rate of economic growth.  Much of the worst pollution such as that of mercury and POPs has a disproportionate impact on developing countries and indigenous peoples as many of these products and releases have been phased-out or better controlled in rich countries while global climate distillation creates sinks of high concentrations in arctic regions.  Likewise bioaccumulation and bio magnification causes cultures reliant on wild food to suffer disproportionate burdens of toxics in meat and fish.
 
 
'''Ratify the “Package of Five” Now'''
 
 
We face a toxics crisis, which can only be addressed by the will and commitment of all nations on earth. The “Package of Five” existent toxic treaties, although not a complete cure, show much promise and commitment for humanity to begin to turn back the toxic tide.
 
 
'''Implement with National Legislation!'''
 
 
Realize also that ratification must be accompanied by national legislation faithful to the treaties.  Too many countries ratify treaties and yet have no national legal authority to enforce them. Assistance in drafting such legislation is available from NGOs the Secretariats.
 
 
The negotiation and signing of a treaty is a promise that nations will, in good faith, fulfill that purpose through timely ratification and implementation into national law.  If nations fail to live up to their promises, it is an affront to future generations as well as to the international cooperation and law embodied by the United Nations.
 
 
 
'''It is urgent then for those that have not yet done so, to initiate at Ministerial level, a comprehensive program for the introduction of the five treaties to their parliaments as a full package.  All are crucial and thus none should be left out.  And currently, due to the delay in its entry into force, special attention should be given to the Ratification of the Basel Ban Amendment to send a strong message of the will of the global community to prevent global waste dumping.  The issues at stake are too vital to leave to further bureaucratic inertia.  Without such timely action, cynicism replaces hope with regard to our ability to heal our polluted planet.  We can’t afford to let that happen!'''
 
 
 
 
 
<center>'''The Basel Action Network'''</center>
 
<center>206 First Avenue S. Ste #410</center>
 
<center>Seattle, WA  98104 USA</center>
 
<center>'''Phone:''' 1.206.652.5555, '''Fax:''' 1.206.652.5750</center>
 
<center>'''E-mail:''' inform@ban.org, '''Website:''' www.ban.org</center>
 
 
 
 
 
[[:File: Briefing Paper 6 - May 2015.pdf|Briefing Paper 6 - Package Deal: Five Treaties to Fight Pollution - May 2015]] [PDF Download]
 
 
 
===International Toxics Progress Report Card===
 
 
 
'''Time to Ratify International Toxics Agreements''' – The Basel Action Network (BAN), the International POPs Elimination Network (IPEN) and other NGOs concerned about the global toxics and health crisis are urging all governments to make every effort to ratify four international treaties of major significance at the earliest opportunity. These treaties are, in order of adoption, the Basel Convention on the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes (1989) — together with the Basel Ban Amdendment (1995) effectively banning hazardous waste exports from OECD and Liechtenstein to all other countries; The London Convention Protocol (1996) on forbidding most forms of ocean dumping; the Rotterdam Convention (1998) requiring prior informed consent on export of certain dangerous product chemicals; and the Stockholm Convention soon to be adopted in May 2001 which will effectively move to phase-out and reduce the release of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). We have issued the following report card in the hopes of spurring countries towards fulfilling their international commitments with respect to finding solutions to the global toxics crisis.
 
 
 
:'''Note:''' It is understood that developing countries often lack the resources and capacity to be able to implement new treaties. However, the place to address this very real matter of concern is during the treaty negotiations themselves and not by refusal to ratify. Developed countries on the other hand must wake up to the resource limitation of developing countries and finally begin to make serious provisions for capacity transfer. OECD countries (34 most developed) below are shaded in gray.
 
 
 
'''The Grading System'''
 
 
 
*Four Treaties ratified = Excellent
 
*Three Treaties ratified = Very Good
 
*Two Treaties ratified = Good
 
*One Treaty ratified = Fair
 
*No Treaties ratified = Failing
 
 
 
'''Countries that rank ''excellent:'' (4 ratifications):'''
 
 
 
– Belgium<br/>
 
– Bulgaria<br/>
 
– Chile<br/>
 
– China<br/>
 
– Congo<br/>
 
– Denmark<br/>
 
– Estonia<br/>
 
– France<br/>
 
– Germany *<br/>
 
– Ghana<br/>
 
– Ireland<br/>
 
– Kenya<br/>
 
– Luxembourg<br/>
 
– Netherlands<br/>
 
– Nigeria<br/>
 
– Norway<br/>
 
– Saudi Arabia<br/>
 
– Slovenia<br/>
 
– Spain<br/>
 
– Sweden<br/>
 
– Switzerland<br/>
 
– Trinidad and Tobago<br/>
 
– United Kingdom<br/>
 
– Uruguay
 
 
 
See BAN AWARD
 
 
 
'''Countries that rank ''very good'' (3 ratifications):'''
 
 
 
– Albania<br/>
 
– Argentina<br/>
 
– Australia<br/>
 
– Austria<br/>
 
– Bahrain<br/>
 
– Benin<br/>
 
– The State of Bolivia<br/>
 
– Botswana<br/>
 
– Canada<br/>
 
– Colombia<br/>
 
– Cook Islands<br/>
 
– Cote d’Ivoire<br/>
 
– Cyprus<br/>
 
– Czech Republic<br/>
 
– Ecuador<br/>
 
– Egypt<br/>
 
– Ethiopia<br/>
 
– European Economic Community*<br/>
 
– Finland<br/>
 
– Gambia<br/>
 
– Georgia<br/>
 
– Greece<br/>
 
– Guatemala<br/>
 
– Hungary<br/>
 
– Indonesia<br/>
 
– Italy<br/>
 
– Japan<br/>
 
– Jordan<br/>
 
– Korea, Republic of<br/>
 
– Kuwait<br/>
 
– Latvia<br/>
 
– Lesotho<br/>
 
– Liberia<br/>
 
– Liechtenstein<br/>
 
– Lithuania<br/>
 
– Macedonia,<br/>
 
– Marshall Islands<br/>
 
– Mauritius<br/>
 
– Mexico<br/>
 
– Moldova, Republic of<br/>
 
– Montenegro<br/>
 
– Morocco<br/>
 
– New Zealand<br/>
 
– Oman<br/>
 
– Panama<br/>
 
– Paraguay<br/>
 
– Peru<br/>
 
– Philippines<br/>
 
– Poland<br/>
 
– Portugal<br/>
 
– Qatar<br/>
 
– Romania<br/>
 
– Saint Kitts and Nevis<br/>
 
– Serbia<br/>
 
– Slovakia<br/>
 
– South Africa<br/>
 
– Sri Lanka<br/>
 
– Suriname<br/>
 
– Syrian Arab Republic<br/>
 
– Tonga<br/>
 
– United Republic of Tanzania<br/>
 
– Yemen, Republic of<br/>
 
– Zambia
 
 
 
'''Notable countries that are ''failing'' (0 Ratifications) include:'''
 
 
 
– United States<br/>
 
– Bhutan<br/>
 
– Grenada<br/>
 
– Haiti<br/>
 
– Iraq<br/>
 
– San Marino<br/>
 
– Turkmenistan<br/>
 
– Uzbekistan
 
 
 
'''Country by Country'''
 
  
 
{|class="sortable wikitable"
 
{|class="sortable wikitable"
 
!Countries
 
!Countries
 
!Score
 
!Score
!BAN
+
!Basel Convention<br/> (with Ban Amendment)
 
!IMO London<br/> Convention<br/> Protocol
 
!IMO London<br/> Convention<br/> Protocol
!Rotterdam
+
!Rotterdam Convention
!Stockholm
+
!Stockholm Convention
!Minamata
+
!Minamata Convention
!Basel Convention
+
!Basel Convention<br/> (without Ban Amendment, not counting in overall score)
 
|-
 
|-
|Afghanistan
+
|'''Afghanistan'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 298: Line 57:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Albania
+
|'''Albania'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 307: Line 66:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Algeria
+
|'''Algeria'''
|1
+
|'''1'''
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|?
 
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Andorra
+
|'''Andorra'''
|1
+
|'''1'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
|?
+
|
|?
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Angola
+
|'''Angola'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|no
+
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|Antigua and Barbuda
+
|'''Antigua and Barbuda'''
|2
+
|'''5'''
|
+
|x
|
+
|x
 +
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
 
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Argentina
+
|'''Argentina'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 352: Line 111:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Armenia
+
|'''Armenia'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 360: Line 119:
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Australia
+
|'''Australia'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
Line 369: Line 128:
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Austria
+
|'''Austria'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 379: Line 138:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Azerbaijan
+
|'''Azerbaijan'''
|1
+
|'''1'''
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|?
 
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Bahamas
+
|'''Bahamas'''
|1
+
|'''1'''
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|?
 
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Bahrain
+
|'''Bahrain'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 406: Line 165:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Bangladesh
+
|'''Bangladesh'''
|1
+
|'''1'''
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|?
 
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Barbados
+
|'''Barbados'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|no
+
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Belarus
+
|'''Belarus'''
|1
+
|'''1'''
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|?
 
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Belgium
+
|'''Belgium'''
|4
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
Line 442: Line 201:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Belize
+
|'''Belize'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 451: Line 210:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Benin
+
|'''Benin'''
|3
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
+
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Bhutan
+
|'''Bhutan'''
|0
+
|'''0'''
 +
|
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|?
 
|?
 
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
+
|'''Bolivia (Plurinational State of)'''
|3
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
+
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Bosnia and Herzegovina
+
|'''Bosnia and Herzegovina'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 487: Line 246:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Botswana
+
|'''Botswana'''
|3
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
+
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Brazil
+
|'''Brazil'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 505: Line 264:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Brunei Darussalam
+
|'''Brunei Darussalam'''
|1
+
|'''1'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
|?
+
|
|no
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Bulgaria
+
|'''Bulgaria'''
|4
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
Line 523: Line 282:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Burkina Faso
+
|'''Burkina Faso'''
|2
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
+
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Burundi
+
|'''Burundi'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 541: Line 300:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Cabo Verde
+
|'''Cabo Verde'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 550: Line 309:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Cambodia
+
|'''Cambodia'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 559: Line 318:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Cameroon
+
|'''Cameroon'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 567: Line 326:
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Canada
+
|'''Canada'''
|3
+
|'''4'''
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
+
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Central African Republic  
+
|'''Central African Republic'''
|1
+
|'''1'''
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|?
 
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Chad
+
|'''Chad'''
|2
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
 
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|x
|Chile
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|4
+
|'''Chile'''
 +
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
Line 604: Line 363:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|China
+
|'''China'''
|4
+
|'''5'''
 +
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
 
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Colombia
+
|'''Colombia'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 622: Line 381:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Comoros
+
|'''Comoros'''
|1
+
|'''1'''
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|?
 
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Congo
+
|'''Congo'''
|4
+
|'''4'''
 +
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|x?
 
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Cook Islands
+
|'''Cook Islands'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 649: Line 408:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Costa Rica
+
|'''Costa Rica'''
|2
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
+
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Cote d’Ivoire
+
|'''Cote d’Ivoire'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 667: Line 426:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Croatia  
+
|'''Croatia'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 676: Line 435:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Cuba
+
|'''Cuba'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 685: Line 444:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Cyprus
+
|'''Cyprus'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 693: Line 452:
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Czech Republic
+
|'''Czech Republic'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 703: Line 462:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Congo, Democratic Republic of
+
|'''Congo, Democratic Republic of'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 711: Line 470:
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Denmark
+
|'''Denmark'''
|4
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
Line 721: Line 480:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Djibouti
+
|'''Djibouti'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 730: Line 489:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Dominica
+
|'''Dominica'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 739: Line 498:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Dominican Republic
+
|'''Dominican Republic'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 748: Line 507:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Ecuador
+
|'''Ecuador'''
|3
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
+
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Egypt
+
|'''Egypt'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|?
+
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|El Salvador
+
|'''El Salvador'''
|2
+
|'''3'''
|
+
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
Line 775: Line 534:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Equatorial Guinea
+
|'''Equatorial Guinea'''
|1
+
|'''1'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|?
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Eritrea
+
|'''Eritrea'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 792: Line 551:
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Estonia
+
|'''Estonia'''
|4
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
Line 802: Line 561:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Ethiopia
+
|'''Ethiopia'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 811: Line 570:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|European Union
+
|'''European Union'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 820: Line 579:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Fiji
+
|'''Fiji'''
|1
+
|'''1'''
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|?
 
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Finland
+
|'''Finland'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 837: Line 596:
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|France
+
|'''France'''
|4
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
Line 847: Line 606:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Gabon
+
|'''Gabon'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 856: Line 615:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Gambia
+
|'''Gambia'''
|3
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
+
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Georgia
+
|'''Georgia'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
Line 873: Line 632:
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Germany
+
|'''Germany'''
|4
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
Line 883: Line 642:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Ghana  
+
|'''Ghana'''
|4
+
|'''5'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
 
 
|x
 
|x
|-
 
|Ghana
 
|4
 
 
|x
 
|x
 +
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
 +
|'''Greece'''
 +
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 +
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
Line 901: Line 660:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Greece
+
|'''Grenada'''
|3
+
|'''0'''
|x
 
 
|
 
|
|x
 
|x
 
 
|
 
|
|x
 
|-
 
|Grenada
 
|0
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|?
 
|?
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|Guatemala
+
|'''Guatemala'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 928: Line 678:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Guinea
+
|'''Guinea'''
|3
+
|'''4'''
|
+
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
Line 937: Line 687:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Guinea-Bissau
+
|'''Guinea-Bissau'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 946: Line 696:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Guyana
+
|'''Guyana'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 955: Line 705:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Haiti
+
|'''Haiti'''
|0
+
|'''0'''
 +
|
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|?
 
|no
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|Honduras
+
|'''Honduras'''
|2
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
 
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|x
|Hungary
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|3
+
|'''Hungary'''
 +
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 981: Line 731:
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Iceland
+
|'''Iceland'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|?
+
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|India
+
|'''India'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,000: Line 750:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Indonesia
+
|'''Indonesia'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 1,009: Line 759:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Iran, Islamic Republic of
+
|'''Iran, Islamic Republic of'''
|2
+
|'''4'''
|
+
|x
|
+
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,018: Line 768:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Iraq
+
|'''Iraq'''
|0
+
|'''1'''
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|?
+
|x
|?
 
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Ireland
+
|'''Ireland'''
|4
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,035: Line 785:
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Israel
+
|'''Israel'''
|1
+
|'''1'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|no
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Italy
+
|'''Italy'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|no
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Jamaica
+
|'''Jamaica'''
|2
+
|'''3'''
|
+
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,062: Line 812:
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Japan
+
|'''Japan'''
|3
+
|'''4'''
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
+
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Jordan
+
|'''Jordan'''
|3
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
+
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Kazakhstan
+
|'''Kazakhstan'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,090: Line 840:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Kenya
+
|'''Kenya'''
|4
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,099: Line 849:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Kiribati
+
|'''Kiribati'''
|1
+
|'''1'''
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|?
 
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Korea, Democratic People's  
+
|'''Korea, Democratic People's'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,116: Line 866:
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Korea, Republic of
+
|'''Korea, Republic of'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,126: Line 876:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Kuwait
+
|'''Kuwait'''
|3
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
+
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Kyrgyzstan
+
|'''Kyrgyzstan'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,144: Line 894:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Lao, People’s Democratic Republic
+
|'''Lao, People’s Democratic Republic'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,153: Line 903:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Latvia
+
|'''Latvia'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 1,162: Line 912:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Lebanon
+
|'''Lebanon'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,171: Line 921:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Lesotho
+
|'''Lesotho'''
|4
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 1,180: Line 930:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Liberia
+
|'''Liberia'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 1,189: Line 939:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Libya
+
|'''Libya'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,198: Line 948:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Liechtenstein
+
|'''Liechtenstein'''
|3
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
+
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Lithuania
+
|'''Lithuania'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 1,215: Line 965:
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Luxembourg
+
|'''Luxembourg'''
|4
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,225: Line 975:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Madagascar
+
|'''Madagascar'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,234: Line 984:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Malawi
+
|'''Malawi'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,243: Line 993:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Malaysia
+
|'''Malaysia'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|no
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Maldives
+
|'''Maldives'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,261: Line 1,011:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Mali
+
|'''Mali'''
|2
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
+
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Malta
+
|'''Malta'''
|1
+
|'''2'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
|?
+
|x
|no
+
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Marshall Islands
+
|'''Marshall Islands'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,288: Line 1,038:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Mauritania
+
|'''Mauritania'''
|2
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
+
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Mauritius
+
|'''Mauritius'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 1,305: Line 1,055:
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Mexico
+
|'''Mexico'''
|3
+
|'''4'''
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
+
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Micronesia, Federated States of
+
|'''Micronesia, Federated States of'''
|1
+
|'''1'''
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|?
 
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Moldova, Republic of
+
|'''Moldova, Republic of'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 1,333: Line 1,083:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Monaco
+
|'''Monaco'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
|?
+
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Mongolia
+
|'''Mongolia'''
|2
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
+
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Montenegro
+
|'''Montenegro'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 1,360: Line 1,110:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Morocco
+
|'''Morocco'''
|3
+
|'''4'''
 +
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
 
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,369: Line 1,119:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Mozambique
+
|'''Mozambique'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,378: Line 1,128:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Myanmar
+
|'''Myanmar'''
|1
+
|'''1'''
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|?
 
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Namibia
+
|'''Namibia'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,396: Line 1,146:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Nauru
+
|'''Nauru'''
|1
+
|'''1'''
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|?
 
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Nepal
+
|'''Nepal'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,413: Line 1,163:
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Netherlands
+
|'''Netherlands'''
|4
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,422: Line 1,172:
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|New Zealand
+
|'''New Zealand'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,432: Line 1,182:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Nicaragua
+
|'''Nicaragua'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,441: Line 1,191:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Niger
+
|'''Niger'''
|2
+
|'''3'''
|
+
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,450: Line 1,200:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Nigeria
+
|'''Nigeria'''
|4
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,459: Line 1,209:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Niue
+
|'''Niue'''
|1
+
|'''1'''
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|?
 
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Norway
+
|'''Norway'''
|4
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,477: Line 1,227:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Oman
+
|'''Oman'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 1,486: Line 1,236:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Pakistan
+
|'''Pakistan'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,495: Line 1,245:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Palau
+
|'''Palau'''
|1
+
|'''1'''
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|?
 
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Panama  
+
|'''Panama'''
|3
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
+
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Papua New Guinea
+
|'''Papua New Guinea'''
|1
+
|'''1'''
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|?
 
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Paraguay
+
|'''Paraguay'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 1,531: Line 1,281:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Peru
+
|'''Peru'''
|3
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
+
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Philippines
+
|'''Philippines'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,548: Line 1,298:
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Poland
+
|'''Poland'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 1,557: Line 1,307:
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Portugal
+
|'''Portugal'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 1,567: Line 1,317:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Qatar
+
|'''Qatar'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 1,576: Line 1,326:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Romania
+
|'''Romania'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 1,585: Line 1,335:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Russian Federation
+
|'''Russian Federation'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,594: Line 1,344:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Rwanda
+
|'''Rwanda'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,603: Line 1,353:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Saint Kitts and Nevis
+
|'''Saint Kitts and Nevis'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,612: Line 1,362:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Saint Lucia
+
|'''Saint Lucia'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
|no
+
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Saint Vincent and Granadines
+
|'''Saint Vincent and Granadines'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,630: Line 1,380:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Samoa
+
|'''Samoa'''
|2
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
+
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|San Marino
+
|'''San Marino'''
|0
+
|'''0'''
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 
|
 
|
|no
 
|?
 
|?
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|Sao Tome and Principe
+
|'''Sao Tome and Principe'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,657: Line 1,407:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Saudi Arabia
+
|'''Saudi Arabia'''
|4
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,666: Line 1,416:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Senegal
+
|'''Senegal'''
|2
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
+
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Serbia
+
|'''Serbia'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 1,684: Line 1,434:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Seychelles
+
|'''Seychelles'''
|2
+
|'''3'''
 +
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|no
 
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Sierra Leone
+
|'''Sierra Leone'''
|2
+
|'''4'''
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|?
 
 
|x
 
|x
|
+
|x
 +
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|Singapore
+
|'''Singapore'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,710: Line 1,460:
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Slovakia
+
|'''Slovakia'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 1,719: Line 1,469:
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Slovenia
+
|'''Slovenia'''
|4
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,729: Line 1,479:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Solomon Islands
+
|'''Solomon Islands'''
|1
+
|'''1'''
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|?
 
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|Somalia
+
|'''Somalia'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,747: Line 1,497:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|South Africa
+
|South Africa'''
|3
+
|'''4'''
|
+
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,755: Line 1,505:
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Spain
+
|'''Spain'''
|4
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,765: Line 1,515:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Sri Lanka
+
|'''Sri Lanka'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 1,774: Line 1,524:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|State of Palestine
+
|'''State of Palestine'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,783: Line 1,533:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Sudan  
+
|'''Sudan'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,792: Line 1,542:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Suriname
+
|'''Suriname'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,801: Line 1,551:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Swaziland
+
|'''Swaziland'''
|2
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
 
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|x
|Sweden
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|4
+
|'''Sweden'''
 +
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,818: Line 1,568:
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Switzerland
+
|'''Switzerland'''
|4
+
|'''5'''
 +
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
 
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Syrian Arab Republic
+
|'''Syrian Arab Republic'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 1,837: Line 1,587:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Tajikistan
+
|'''Tajikistan'''
|1
+
|'''1'''
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|no
 
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|Tanzania, United Republic of
+
|'''Tanzania, United Republic of'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 1,855: Line 1,605:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Thailand
+
|'''Thailand'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,864: Line 1,614:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|The former Yugoslav Republic
+
|'''The former Yugoslav Republic'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
Line 1,873: Line 1,623:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Togo
+
|'''Togo'''
|2
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
+
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Tonga
+
|'''Tonga'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,891: Line 1,641:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Trinidad and Tobago
+
|'''Trinidad and Tobago'''
|4
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,900: Line 1,650:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Tunisia
+
|'''Tunisia'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
|no
+
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|Turkey
+
|'''Turkey'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
|no
+
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Turkmenistan
+
|'''Turkmenistan'''
|0
+
|'''0'''
 +
|
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|?
 
|?
 
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Tuvalu
+
|'''Tuvalu'''
|1
+
|'''1'''
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|?
 
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|Uganda
+
|'''Uganda'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,945: Line 1,695:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Ukraine
+
|'''Ukraine'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,954: Line 1,704:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|United Arab Emirates
+
|'''United Arab Emirates'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 1,962: Line 1,712:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|United Kingdom
+
|'''United Kingdom'''
|4
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,971: Line 1,721:
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|-
+
|-bgcolor = "#C7C7C7"
|United States
+
|'''United States'''
|1
+
|'''1'''
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 
|
 
|
|no
 
|no
 
|no
 
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|Uruguay  
+
|'''Uruguay'''
|5
+
|'''5'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
Line 1,990: Line 1,740:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Uzbekistan
+
|'''Uzbekistan'''
|0
+
|'''0'''
 +
|
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|?
 
|?
 
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Vanuatu
+
|'''Vanuatu'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
|?
+
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|Venezuela
+
|'''Venezuela'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 2,017: Line 1,767:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Viet Nam
+
|'''Viet Nam'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 2,026: Line 1,776:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Yemen, Republic of
+
|'''Yemen, Republic of'''
|3
+
|'''3'''
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
Line 2,035: Line 1,785:
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Zambia
+
|'''Zambia'''
|3
+
|'''4'''
 
|x
 
|x
 
|
 
|
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|x
|
+
|x
 
|x
 
|x
 
|-
 
|-
|Zimbabwe
+
|'''Zimbabwe'''
|2
+
|'''2'''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 2,054: Line 1,804:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|'''Totals'''
 
|'''Totals'''
|'''471'''
+
|'''473'''
|'''81'''
+
|'''88'''
|'''45'''
+
|'''49'''
|'''154'''
+
|'''157'''
|'''179'''
+
|'''181'''
|'''12'''
+
|'''42'''
|
+
|'''185'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|'''Failing (0)''' <br/>
 
|'''Failing (0)''' <br/>
Line 2,068: Line 1,818:
 
'''Excellent (4)''' <br/>
 
'''Excellent (4)''' <br/>
 
'''Exceptional (5)'''
 
'''Exceptional (5)'''
|'''7''' <br/>
+
|'''6''' <br/>
 
'''24''' <br/>
 
'''24''' <br/>
 +
'''51''' <br/>
 
'''68''' <br/>
 
'''68''' <br/>
'''70''' <br/>
+
'''40''' <br/>
'''24''' <br/>
+
'''5'''
'''1'''
 
 
|}
 
|}
 +
<nowiki>*</nowiki>'''While the European Union is not a country, it is allowed to ratify as a political and economic integration organization.'''
 +
 +
<nowiki>**</nowiki>'''Gray shading indicates an OECD Member country.'''

Revision as of 09:05, 19 April 2017

Waste Trade Treaties

Below are some additional treaties/international agreements which deal with the international movement of toxic materials:

This convention prohibits the import into Africa of any hazardous, including radioactive, wastes, as well as products which have been banned, cancelled or withdrawn from registration for environmental or health reasons.
This agreement creates a ban on the import of all hazardous wastes into the Central American region.
This protocol prohibits the export of hazardous and radioactive wastes to non-OECD countries and those Parties that are not members of the European Community are prohibited from importing hazardous and radioactive wastes.
This treaty prohibits each Pacific Island developing Party from importing all hazardous and radioactive wastes from outside of the Convention area. Australia and New Zealand are prohibited from exporting hazardous or radioactive wastes to all other South Pacific Forum Island countries.
This legislation is binding on all 28 member states of the European Union. It implements not only the Basel Convention but also the Basel Ban Amendment (Basel Decision III/1) prohibiting the export of all hazardous wastes from member states of the OECD, EU and Liechtenstein (Annex VII) to all non-Annex VII countries.

General Toxics Treaties

BAN currently focuses advocacy efforts on these five treaties/international agreements. (For more, see Other Treaties and International Agreements).

Deals with the control and banning of abusive transboundary movements of hazardous wastes. The Ban Amendment prohibits exports of hazardous wastes from the OECD, EC and Liechtenstein to all other countries.
Bans virtually all industrial and radioactive waste from being dumped or incinerated at sea.
Seeks to limit overall use of mercury and mercury compounds with the intent of protecting human health and the environment.
Seeks to ensure that exports of extremely dangerous chemicals only take place with the consent of the recipient country, and replaces the current voluntary prior informed consent regime with a mandatory one.
Aims to eliminate from commercial use and release, 24 of the most dangerous global pollutants including the highly toxic, by-products of chlorine chemistry – dioxins and furans.

Country by Country

Countries Score Basel Convention
(with Ban Amendment)
IMO London
Convention
Protocol
Rotterdam Convention Stockholm Convention Minamata Convention Basel Convention
(without Ban Amendment, not counting in overall score)
Afghanistan 2 x x x
Albania 3 x x x x
Algeria 1 x x
Andorra 1 x x
Angola 2 x x
Antigua and Barbuda 5 x x x x x x
Argentina 3 x x x x
Armenia 2 x x x
Australia 3 x x x x
Austria 3 x x x x
Azerbaijan 1 x x
Bahamas 1 x x
Bahrain 3 x x x x
Bangladesh 1 x x
Barbados 2 x x x
Belarus 1 x x
Belgium 4 x x x x x
Belize 2 x x x
Benin 4 x x x x x
Bhutan 0 x
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 4 x x x x x
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 x x x
Botswana 4 x x x x x
Brazil 2 x x x
Brunei Darussalam 1 x x
Bulgaria 4 x x x x x
Burkina Faso 3 x x x x
Burundi 2 x x x
Cabo Verde 2 x x x
Cambodia 2 x x x
Cameroon 2 x x x
Canada 4 x x x x x
Central African Republic 1 x x
Chad 3 x x x x
Chile 4 x x x x x
China 5 x x x x x x
Colombia 3 x x x x
Comoros 1 x x
Congo 4 x x x x x
Cook Islands 3 x x x x
Costa Rica 3 x x x x
Cote d’Ivoire 3 x x x x
Croatia 2 x x x
Cuba 2 x x x
Cyprus 3 x x x x
Czech Republic 3 x x x x
Congo, Democratic Republic of 2 x x x
Denmark 4 x x x x x
Djibouti 3 x x x x
Dominica 2 x x x
Dominican Republic 2 x x x
Ecuador 4 x x x x x
Egypt 3 x x x x
El Salvador 3 x x x x
Equatorial Guinea 1 x x
Eritrea 2 x x x
Estonia 4 x x x x x
Ethiopia 3 x x x x
European Union 3 x x x x
Fiji 1 x
Finland 3 x x x x
France 4 x x x x x
Gabon 3 x x x x
Gambia 4 x x x x x
Georgia 3 x x x x
Germany 4 x x x x x
Ghana 5 x x x x x x
Greece 3 x x x x
Grenada 0
Guatemala 3 x x x x
Guinea 4 x x x x x
Guinea-Bissau 2 x x x
Guyana 3 x x x x
Haiti 0
Honduras 3 x x x x
Hungary 3 x x x x
Iceland 2 x x x
India 2 x x x
Indonesia 3 x x x x
Iran, Islamic Republic of 4 x x x x x
Iraq 1 x x
Ireland 4 x x x x x
Israel 1 x x
Italy 3 x x x x
Jamaica 3 x x x x
Japan 4 x x x x x
Jordan 4 x x x x x
Kazakhstan 2 x x x
Kenya 4 x x x x x
Kiribati 1 x x
Korea, Democratic People's 2 x x x
Korea, Republic of 3 x x x x
Kuwait 4 x x x x x
Kyrgyzstan 2 x x x
Lao, People’s Democratic Republic 2 x x x
Latvia 3 x x x x
Lebanon 2 x x x
Lesotho 4 x x x x x
Liberia 3 x x x x
Libya 2 x x x
Liechtenstein 4 x x x x x
Lithuania 3 x x x x
Luxembourg 4 x x x x x
Madagascar 3 x x x x
Malawi 2 x x x
Malaysia 2 x x x
Maldives 2 x x x
Mali 3 x x x x
Malta 2 x x x x
Marshall Islands 3 x x x x
Mauritania 3 x x x x
Mauritius 3 x x x x
Mexico 4 x x x x x
Micronesia, Federated States of 1 x x
Moldova, Republic of 3 x x x x
Monaco 3 x x x x
Mongolia 3 x x x x
Montenegro 3 x x x x
Morocco 4 x x x x x
Mozambique 2 x x x
Myanmar 1 x x
Namibia 2 x x x
Nauru 1 x x
Nepal 2 x x x
Netherlands 4 x x x x x
New Zealand 3 x x x x
Nicaragua 3 x x x x
Niger 3 x x x x
Nigeria 4 x x x x x
Niue 1 x
Norway 4 x x x x x
Oman 3 x x x x
Pakistan 2 x x x
Palau 1 x x
Panama 4 x x x x x
Papua New Guinea 1 x x
Paraguay 3 x x x x
Peru 4 x x x x x
Philippines 3 x x x x
Poland 3 x x x x
Portugal 3 x x x x
Qatar 3 x x x x
Romania 3 x x x x
Russian Federation 2 x x x
Rwanda 2 x x x
Saint Kitts and Nevis 3 x x x x
Saint Lucia 2 x x x
Saint Vincent and Granadines 2 x x x
Samoa 3 x x x x
San Marino 0
Sao Tome and Principe 2 x x x
Saudi Arabia 4 x x x x x
Senegal 3 x x x x
Serbia 3 x x x x
Seychelles 3 x x x x
Sierra Leone 4 x x x x
Singapore 2 x x x
Slovakia 3 x x x x
Slovenia 4 x x x x x
Solomon Islands 1 x
Somalia 2 x x x
South Africa 4 x x x x x
Spain 4 x x x x x
Sri Lanka 3 x x x x
State of Palestine x
Sudan 2 x x x
Suriname 3 x x x x
Swaziland 3 x x x x
Sweden 4 x x x x x
Switzerland 5 x x x x x x
Syrian Arab Republic 3 x x x x
Tajikistan 1 x
Tanzania, United Republic of 3 x x x x
Thailand 2 x x x
The former Yugoslav Republic 3 x x x x
Togo 3 x x x x
Tonga 3 x x x x
Trinidad and Tobago 4 x x x x x
Tunisia 2 x x x
Turkey 2 x x x
Turkmenistan 0 x
Tuvalu 1 x
Uganda 2 x x x
Ukraine 2 x x x
United Arab Emirates 3 x x x x
United Kingdom 4 x x x x x
United States 1 x
Uruguay 5 x x x x x x
Uzbekistan 0 x
Vanuatu 2 x x
Venezuela 2 x x x
Viet Nam 2 x x x
Yemen, Republic of 3 x x x x
Zambia 4 x x x x x
Zimbabwe 2 x x x
Totals 473 88 49 157 181 42 185
Failing (0)

Fair (1)
Good (2)
Very Good (3)
Excellent (4)
Exceptional (5)

6

24
51
68
40
5

*While the European Union is not a country, it is allowed to ratify as a political and economic integration organization.

**Gray shading indicates an OECD Member country.