Difference between revisions of "Green Ships"

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1ng of TBT cause imposex and intersex on snails. (Stichnothe)
 
1ng of TBT cause imposex and intersex on snails. (Stichnothe)
 
Most important sites of pollution of TBT near coasts, especially after prohibition of use on vessels are ports, harbors, and shipyards. (Stichnothe)
 
Most important sites of pollution of TBT near coasts, especially after prohibition of use on vessels are ports, harbors, and shipyards. (Stichnothe)
 +
In ports, TBT is released to marine environment via ship hulls and only measure to prevent is replace with environmental friendly antifouling systems. (Stichnothe)
 +
Restriction of TBT use on vessels, concentration of TBT were reduced especially in enclosed waterways and estuaries dominated by such ships. (Stichnothe)
 +
Although, little or no reduction of TBT concentrations were seen in sediments even after several years after TBT prohibition. (Stichnothe)
  
 
== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
 
== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
 
  [[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]
 
  [[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]

Revision as of 13:45, 28 May 2015

General Harms

Ships life span 20-25 years, end of 2000 average age of ships in cargo fleet was 19 years. (Dodds) To maintain average, 1900 ships to be recycled each year, currently 500-700 ships scrapped annually. (Dodds) Ships decommissioned when deemed no longer safe (steel becomes fatigued from rolling during trans-ocean voyages). (Dodds) More profitable for ship owners to recycle ships after about 20 years due to high cost of repairs and modifications to further extend life of ship. (Dodds) Difficult, near impossible to find cargo for older ships due to insurance companies refusing insurance coverage on cargo booked ships over 20 years old. (Dodds) Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and China recycle approx. 89% of ldt scrapped worldwide. (Dodds) Use of anti fouling paints containing TBT has been banned since 2003. (Stichnothe) 2004, 70-80% of world’s fleet covered in TBT self polishing copolymer paints, which led to important economic benefits. (Stichnothe) Though, possible countries not regulated by national or regional legislation will continue to use organotin compounds, specifically in national routes. (Stichnothe) Most cases, ports and shipyards are near urban areas and presence disturbsactivities such as recreation and fishing. (Stichnothe)

Transport of Toxins

TBT

extremely stable and resistant to natural degradation in water, making TBT very toxic to adequate environments (Dodds). an endocrine disrupting chemical causing severe reproductive defects in aquatic organisms (tightly regulated in developed nations) (Dodds). an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Increase recognition of problems with TBT, several countries in mid 1980’s implemented national legislation with specific intentions of limiting use of TBT (Gipperth). As concentration of TBT in water and sediment remained alarmingly high, mainly from pollution from ships flying non-Japanese flags, Japan actively imposed an international ban on TBT antifouling. (Gipperth). After 1988, state action was unnecessary to prohibit the use of TBT, which most likely accounts for the lack of TBT-specific legislation in the other states. Furthermore, because antifouling paints are generally considered pesticides subject to regulation under a state’s generic pesticide laws, specific legislation banning TBT may be considered redundant in some states (Gipperth). TBT compounds most toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, fish algae, mussels, mollusks and fungi. (Stichnothe). Consumption of contaminated seafood by humans can cause severe skin and mucous membranes irritation (Stichnothe). Most severely contaminated sites were commercial harbours and shipyards. (Evans). The worst contamination was at Anacortes shipyard and at site 1.3 km from it. (Evans). High imposex scores from shores close to Port of Seattle, which has complex shipyards and harbours. (Evans). Chemical and biological measures were at background levels within less than 2 km from shipyard in Anacortes and less than 8km from Port of Seattle. (Evans). TBT is an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Used on ship hulls to prevent attachment of marine organisms to hulls, “fouling”(Gipperth). Tin, basic substance of TBT, is effective longer periods than copper which was normal additive at the time, but more poisonous and made it possible to postpone the need to repaint. (Gipperth). Though TBT paints more expensive, economic effects and arguments did not stop the quick change. (Gipperth).

Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB)

PCB’s found in electrical components, cables, vent ducts, misc. gaskets, insulation materials, adhesives, paint, and various rubber and plastic components. (Dodds). To protect environment, PCB’s must be properly incinerated or stored in special landfills where they will not leach into groundwater. (Dodds). PCB’s used for high heat resistance, inflammability, chemical stability, and high boiling point. (Dodds). Exposure to PCB’s creates significant risk of developing various cancers, affect immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Dodds). Chemical compositions of PCB’s change following release into environment. Most carciogenic PCB’s tend to build up in flesh of fish and other animals, those who eating contaminated fish face even greater health threat than shipwrecking industry workers. (Dodds).

Lead

found in batteries, paints, and components of motors, generators, piping, and cables (Dodds). Health effects of lead exposure in children- learning difficulties, mental retardation, delayed neurological and physical development. Adults- affects nervous system, impairing hearing, vision, and muscle coordination. (Dodds).

Bilge Water

(oily waste)-Accumulation of potentially polluting liquids in lowest part of ships hull (ships bilge). During mothballing or dismantling process, bilge water increases because of accumulated rainwater, cooling water, and containment water and used during ship breaking process. Bilge water contains oil, cargo residues, inorganix salts, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, and mercury (often spilt into ocean during shipwrecking process). Oil and other wastes threaten overall health and survival or many species and organisms, some of which are endangered.

Asbestos

Asbestos found in ship insulation, asbestos fibers pose serious health risk (cancers and lung diseases) to workers who inhale the fibers. Asbestos only known cause of mesothelioma- cancer of lungs, chest cavity, and abdomen.

Occupational

Subsequently, occupational safety and health issues emerge—particularly in association with the dismantling of beached ships in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Chang). Ship recycling workers in these countries do not wear protective equipment (helmets, masks, goggles, no signs of danger). (Chang). Majority of workers have no training with blowtorches or with hazardous substances involved in ship recycling. (Chang). Toxic fumes released during blowtorch cutting process and afterwards paint and coatins continue to smolder. (Chang). Unfortunately, there is no structured training or protective equipment given to the ship breaking workers in these developing countries such as the ship breaking site in Alang, India, for that reason it is not uncommon for them to suffer from major accidents. The use in ship breaking in developing countries is especially harmful in terms of child labor laws due to lack of guidelines in Bangladesh.

Environmental

carcinogenic and toxic substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ("PCBs"), asbestos, tributanlytin ("TBT"), lead, oil, and polluted ship water are released directly into the ocean. (Dodds). Sediment contamination still in effect and endangers marine and estuarine quality of environment . (Stichnothe) Typically, navigation channels show low levels of TBT compared to sediments in harbor locations, specifically close to dockyards. (Stichnothe) Marine biofouling defined as undesirable accumulation of marine organisms on solid surfaces, i.e. ships hull or mechanical equipment, immersed in seawater. (Stichnothe) Extremely low concentrations of TBT still greatly affect marine organisms. (Stichnothe) 1ng of TBT cause imposex and intersex on snails. (Stichnothe) Most important sites of pollution of TBT near coasts, especially after prohibition of use on vessels are ports, harbors, and shipyards. (Stichnothe) In ports, TBT is released to marine environment via ship hulls and only measure to prevent is replace with environmental friendly antifouling systems. (Stichnothe) Restriction of TBT use on vessels, concentration of TBT were reduced especially in enclosed waterways and estuaries dominated by such ships. (Stichnothe) Although, little or no reduction of TBT concentrations were seen in sediments even after several years after TBT prohibition. (Stichnothe)

Ship breaking Regulations

Conventions of Interest Subpage -->