Basel Action Network Wiki - User contributions [en]

Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations

2015-06-08T21:18:14Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Weaknesses */

== '''Hong Kong Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
Of all the conventions in effect, the Hong Kong Convention is the more recent Convention, as well as [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|the IMO in works with Bangladesh]], to actively seek more clear and stricter guidelines regarding occupational safety and environmental concerns in ship recycling. The Hong Kong Convention has been adopted under the auspices of the IMO in 2009 after more than five years of negotiations, and is expected to enter into force in 2015. (Alam). The original framework of the Hong Kong convention was very vague and allowed for many countries to slip through the cracks in order to avoid the environmental safety guidelines. The aim of the Convention is to provide regulations for the design, construction, operation and preparation of ships so as to facilitate safe and environmentally sound recycling. (Alam). Clear and concise protocol will enable the countries under the Hong Kong Convention to protect their environment and safety of workers, but also the required accountability leaves no room for liberation from the law, including legislators that may benefit from abusing their role in hopes of personal gain. The Convention requires all vessels to carry detailed, regularly updated inventories of hazardous materials throughout their years of service. (Alam)

=== '''Strengths''' ===
Though the Hong Kong Convention has come under much scrutiny for its obscure guidelines, it holds ship owners accountable for hazardous material upon each ship. The Convention requires all vessels to carry detailed, regularly updated inventories of hazardous materials throughout their years of service. (Alam). In addition to holding ship owners responsible for hazardous material on the vessels, the inventory of hazardous material protects the ship-recycling workers and their communities once the ship is no longer usable. Ships to be sent for recycling will have to meet certification standards, including carrying out an inventory of hazardous materials, specific to each ship.(Alam). In order to properly ensure obedience with the policies and inhibit potential loopholes, the ships are required to meet and undergo surveys to secure compliance. Ships will have to have an initial survey to verify the inventory of hazardous materials, surveys during the life of the ship, and a final survey prior to recycling, (Alam). In holding ship owners accountable, there is also a necessity to assure conformity to protect the environment and ship recycling workers. Ship recycling yards must be authorised, and will be required to provide a ‘Ship Recycling Plan’, to specify the manner in which each ship will be recycled, depending on its particulars and its inventory. (Alam). Many conventions were developed as a tertiary prevention approach to ship recycling, protecting the environment and its workers, few conventions have turned their efforts to focus on primary or secondary prevention methods. This Convention tries to cover all aspects of a ship's life (described by Bhattacharjee as ‘the cradle-to-grave-approach. (Alam). Concentrating on primary prevention attempts will potentially diminish means of escape and the use of toxic materials as the construction of the ships will require "green" friendly materials. The Convention addresses the crucial issue of ‘green ship building and design’ which neither the Basel Convention nor any other international treaties directly addresses. (Alam). The Hong Kong Convention was put into effect much later than the Basel Convention, though it has acknowledged it's weaknesses and attempted to reconstruct its guidelines to certify complete compliance and environmental conservation and human safety. In May 2009, the Hong Kong International Convention for Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships was adopted. (Chang). The concentration and recognition of likely harms faced in the ship recycling industry lacks focus and attention by other conventions. The Hong Kong Convention is aimed at ensuring ships when recycled after reaching end of operational lives do not pose unnecessary risk to human health and safety or to the environment (Chang). Other conventions allow leniency to visiting ships operating through other parties, enabling them to slip through the cracks through other countries not operating or operating under less restricted policies. The Hong Kong Convention applies to: ships entitled to fly the flag of a Party or operating under its authority and ship-recycling facilities operating under the jurisdiction of a Party (Chang).

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
Although the Hong Kong Convention can be seen as a more strict amendment to the Basel Convention, it lacks methods guiding the aftermath or processes once the ship has been recycled. Arguably, this is a substantial improvement on the approach of the Basel Convention, though ‘the 2009 Hong Kong Convention itself does not introduce a compulsory and environmentally sound ship recycling method. (Alam). The conventions efforts to seal loopholes and account for all vessels creation through recycling, it does not include all parties utilizing vessels. Furthermore it fails to adequately address ‘final management of waste’, and it has multiple exclusions such as ‘warships, naval auxiliary ships or other ships owned or operated by a Party and used only on governmental, non-commercial service. (Alam).The Hong Kong Conventions aim at primary prevention is extraordinarily beneficial but the vast majority of ships currently in use should also be addressed as their average lifetime of 20 years is a lengthy amount of time to go ignored and harm workers and the environment. However, the newly adopted Convention has been criticised as it does not impose substantial obligations on shipbreaking countries or ship owners to improve the present conditions and it fails to demand decontamination of ships within developed countries prior to the final export. (Alam). The green and environmentally safe development of ships the Convention demands will be extensive, though it is the recycling industries that will require the most improvement and restoration added to their already weak and poor financial status and processes. It seems to shift the responsibility of polluters to the victims by concentrating only on downstream environmentally sound management of ship dismantling whilst ignoring the realities of the true capacity of developing countries to adhere to such obligations. (Alam). [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Developing countries]] are vulnerable to ship breaking, as the recycled components and steel obtained from the recycling process is much more than they could afford. In addition of rich countries already taking advantage of poor country's poor financial stability, through this convention we are then asking them to implement and extensively renovate their processes by reason of expensive reconstruction. As shipbreaking is primarily conducted in developing countries—those with the lowest capacity—the Convention's focus on these countries undermines the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. (Alam). The Convention also does not entirely ban the practices of dismantling ships on beaches. In fact, the IMO Ship Recycling Convention is much weaker than the Basel Convention. (Alam). The ratification by the primary ship recycling countries will be difficult as some country's legislators do not view beached ships for recycling without official approval as a legitimate industry. The ultimate difficulty with the Hong Kong Convention relates to its enforcement, for example, it requires ‘the signature of the five main ship recycling States, including Bangladesh, China, India, Pakistan and Turkey. (Alam). Though the developing country's legislators do not perceive ship breaking as a formal industry, they do not refuse the parts obtained through ship recycling. However, domestic law enforcement in Bangladesh is hampered by the lack of recognition of shipbreaking as a formal industry. (Alam)

== '''AFS Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
In 2001, the IMO (International Maritime Organization) met and create the AFS (Anti-Fouling Systems) Convention in response to the harmful effects contributed by the use of anti-fouling systems. According to the AFS Convention, it entered the force and became binding on the parties one year after 25 states, representing 25% of the world’s merchant shipping tonnage, have ratified it. (Gipperth). The Convention was adopted in 2001 and obtained its final signature in September 2007 by Panama and became the 25th state (out of 166 IMO member countries) to ratify the convention. One of the major benefits of the AFS Convention is its adequate percentage of the world's shipping inclusions. These 25 countries represent 38.09% of worlds merchant shipping tonnage, convention entered force September 2008. (Gipperth)

=== '''Strengths''' ===
The IMO adopted the AFS Convention to address the harmful effects caused by anti-fouling systems, primarily toxic based paints such as TBT. The AFS Convention prohibited all use of TBT based antifouling paints in 2008. (Stichnothe)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
The prohibited use of TBT based paints forced ship owners and ship workers to recognize the dangers associated with TBT based paints. Due to entering into force of AFS convention on September 2008, huge amount of TBT containing wastes is expected to be produced, near shipyards, in following months. (Stichnothe). The immediate fear of handling or being near ships coated in TBT based paints likely caused ship works and ship owners to use unsafe methods such as scraping to remove the TBT from the ships, in turn, harming the surrounding marine life and the workers as they might inhale the paint particles.

== '''European Commission''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
The European Commission as a whole is designed to govern and implement legislation upholding the European Union (EU) treaties. The EU Ship Recycling Regulation is a more recent policy established in 2013 implemented under the requirements of the Hong Kong Convention. The main aim of the regulation is that European ships have to be dismantled in safe and environmentally sound facilities. (Alam). The EU has accepted responsibility, primarily that the Hong Kong Convention has forced countries to accept, for their flagged ships and reducing the negative impacts associated with ship-recycling without creating irrelevant economic burdens. According to the Regulation, all waste, including end-of-life ships and vessels, destined for disposal is subject to the requirement of prior notification. (Alam).

=== '''Strengths''' ===
In March 2012, the European Commission (EC) adopted a proposal for new regulation on ship recycling, which has been approved by the European Parliament in April 2013. (Alam). The EC's newly implemented regulation operates under the governing Hong Kong Convention the regulation also invokes facets of the Basel Convention. The proposal aims to implement the Basel Convention and an Amendment to the Convention (the ‘Ban Amendment’), which has not yet entered into force. (Alam). The European Union continues to accept responsibility for their vessels and reduce exporting toxic wastes and owning economic accountability associated with ship recycling by employing ship recycling facilities that have proven and met the ship recycling criteria. European ships are only allowed to be recycled in facilities that are registered in a European list of recycling facilities (apply for inclusion with evidence that they meet stipulated requirements) (Alam)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
== '''Basel Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
The Basal Convention was one of the initial regulations established to prohibit the transportation of toxic waste for disposal and to protect human health and the environment from hazardous toxins. The Basel Convention remains the principal international legal instrument of regulation on the shipbreaking industry. (Alam). Many people encourage the proper disposal of toxic waste, however, they seem to be more concerned that the adverse waste is not disposed of in their area, they'd prefer to outsource the waste. The main purpose of the Basel Convention is to ensure that parties take responsibility for their own hazardous waste, establish hazardous waste disposal facilities (including recycling) within their territory, minimise the generation and transboundary movement of hazardous waste, and ensure that they do not export the hazards and damage to human health and the environment, to other countries. (Alam). Regulations that encourage hazardous waste accountability and determine suitability for recycling allow more protection for the environment and human health. The European Waste Shipment Regulation 259/93/EEC determines which procedures to apply before waste can be shipped within, into and out of the European Community, the Regulation is largely based on the Basel Convention. (Alam). Though there are strict guidelines set forth to discourage the transportation of toxic waste for good reason, many ship owners choose to disregard the reasoning. In most cases, ships exported for shipbreaking are a clear violation of these objectives. (Alam). Unfortunately, many countries, especially developed countries, elect to have control or a announce a suggestions to these Conventions, ironically do not authenticate the Conventions but forcing the committed countries to abide by the regulations. The United States dominated many of original Basel Convention negotiations, failed to ratify agreement, joining Haiti and Afghanistan as only signatories to the agreement that have failed to ratify treaty. (Alam).

=== '''Strengths''' ===
Many countries elude abiding by the endorsed regulations by operating under various port and flag states as convenient. Firstly, it obligates the Parties, irrespective of their status (e.g., State of Export, Import, Transit, flag or port State), to prohibit or not permit the export of hazardous and other wastes to parties, which have prohibited the import of such wastes. (Alam). It is difficult for every or any Convention to envision every possible evasion of the regulations, the Basel Convention has set the groundwork for subsequent Regulations and comprehend areas for improvement. The Basel Convention is environmentally sound management, which means taking all practicable steps to ensure protection of human health and the environment. (Alam). Being able to hold countries responsible for their avoidance and infringement of the laws is one step, although enforcing the illegal act is seal of solution for holding countries accountable. The Basel Convention defines “illegal traffic” of hazardous wastes and makes it a criminal act. (Alam). The prohibited transportation of hazardous waste is clear and indisputable, but the definition of what constitutes as hazardous is unclear leaving room for open interpretation in different locations. The Basel Convention's 7th Conference of Parties has recognised that end-oflife vessels containing PCBs, asbestos, heavy metals and other hazardous substances should be legally defined as hazardous wastes in international law. (Alam). The clarification of what hazardous waste is defined as further instills liability. Therefore, ships containing such hazardous constituents and destined for ship breaking should be defined as hazardous wastes, this is a significant area of reform for the Basel Convention which requires clarification. (Alam). The majority of the obligation of implementing a practical operation is largely undertaken by the importing state. The failure to prescribe a process by which to ascertain the information has meant that assessment is reliant on representations made by authorities in the importing state, this is problematic where lack of capacity and endemic corruption are regularly encountered. (Alam). There has been a newly suggested addition to the Basel Convention that focuses on two separate collection of nations. The Basel Ban Amendment prohibits all hazardous wastes from being transported from OECD nations to non-OECD nations. (Alam). The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (34 countries founded in 1961) establishes a total ban on exports of hazardous wastes from OECD and EC countries to developing countries. This fulfills the purpose of the convention, namely, “to prevent the developed nations from ‘dumping’ on the developing nations. (Alam)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
As there are many definitive guidelines described in the Basel Convention, there are also some obscure policies established in the Convention. The ambiguities in the Convention. Articles. 4.1 and 6 of the Basel Convention stipulates that no shipment of waste should take place without all “States Concerned” being informed and consented. (Alam). It is well known that this requirement can be circumvented by unscrupulous waste ship traders by declaring a ship to be waste only after it is in international waters or already at the shipbreaking state. (Alam). The “prior informed consent” (PIC) mechanism requires that the state of export informs an importing state of any transfer, detailing accurately the nature and volume of the waste, and receives written consent from the state of import. (Alam). Violations have shown, however, that exporting parties frequently misrepresent the nature of the waste involved. (Alam). Abidjan disaster the waste concerned was described as ‘routine slops’, the dirty water from washing naval tanks, but was revealed to actually be a mixture of fuels, caustic soda and over two tonnes of hydrogen sulphide. (Alam). This lack of technical capacity has meant that importing states are often unable to ascertain whether the information provided is indeed correct. (Alam). The difficulties are further exacerbated by the fact that the Convention offers no explanation of ‘environmentally sound management’ beyond, ‘taking all practicable steps to ensure that hazardous wastes or other wastes are managed in a manner which will protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects which may result from such wastes’. 53 Exactly what is required then is subject to interpretation and conjecture. (Alam). This limitation has resulted in what is termed the ‘recycling loophole’. 59 It is argued that most waste transfers claimed to be for reuse or reclamation are either ‘sham recycling’, where future use is fabricated to disguise the fact that the waste is actually bound for dumping or ‘dirty recycling’, where the recycling process itself is harmful to the environment and human health. (Alam). Amendment struggles to take significant effect, as participation in ratifying the amendment is low and it has not entered into force yet. (Alam). no direct legal ban on the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes from developed to developing countries. (Alam). Basel Convention- Minimize amount and hazard level of wastes generated worldwide, where generation of hazardous waste is unavoidable such wastes should be disposed of as close to source of generation as possible, stresses environmentally sound management and disposal of hazardous wastes (last point is vague in the treaty, not enforceable or accountable). (Dodds). Basel Convention-failed to create fund to minimize damage from international hazardous wastes, did not prohibit transfer of hazardous waste but rather facilitated movement to countries with developing economies. (Dodds). Basel Convention totally exempts bilateral and multilateral agreements with nonparty countries(nonmember countries, US, and member countries, India, to enter into contracts for disposal of waste). (Dodds). 1989 Basel Convention not entirely adequate to challenge all risks and problems arising from ship recycling facilities. (Chang). Basel convention does not indicate detailed rules for the recycling process, because of this the IMO took ship recycling and its environmental impact onto its agenda. (Chang)

== '''Miscellaneous Conventions''' ==
The Law of the Sea Convention 1982 contains obligations of the states concerning land-based environmental pollution of the sea; most important the obligations contained in Articles 192 and 194. According to Article 192, ‘states have the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment’. Furthermore, states shall according to Article 194 ‘take […] measures […] to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment’. Bangladesh ratified this Convention in 2001
The Stockholm Convention can be relevant when considering Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) such as PCBs; a pervasive substance in many ships
International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling Systems on Ships 2001. It prohibits the use of anti-fouling systems that burdens the environment. Anti-fouling systems that use organotin compounds have to have an additional layer as a barrier to prevent the harmful substances from being released to the environment.
substandard beaching yards the anti-fouling paint usually does not get removed professionally, but simply gets scaped off and released to the environment.
damaging not only to the workers, but also to the coastal ecosystem.
The requirement of over-coating worsens the problem because it makes it more difficult to remove the harmful bottom layer of paint.
IMO dedicated legislator of global shipping industry since maritime catastrophes in 1960’s. (Chang)
In addition, joint efforts with the IMO, the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Conference of Parties to the 1989 Basel Convention were also made to establish a Joint Working Group on Ship Scrapping. (Chang)
Since decision making process within IMO (International Maritime Organization) is base on principle of state sovereignty, state members are free to enter any IMO Convention. (Gipperth)
== '''Green Ship Countries'''==
[[Green Ships:Green Ship Countries|Green Ship Countries]]

== '''References'''==

Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations

2015-06-08T21:06:50Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Strengths */

== '''Hong Kong Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
Of all the conventions in effect, the Hong Kong Convention is the more recent Convention, as well as [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|the IMO in works with Bangladesh]], to actively seek more clear and stricter guidelines regarding occupational safety and environmental concerns in ship recycling. The Hong Kong Convention has been adopted under the auspices of the IMO in 2009 after more than five years of negotiations, and is expected to enter into force in 2015. (Alam). The original framework of the Hong Kong convention was very vague and allowed for many countries to slip through the cracks in order to avoid the environmental safety guidelines. The aim of the Convention is to provide regulations for the design, construction, operation and preparation of ships so as to facilitate safe and environmentally sound recycling. (Alam). Clear and concise protocol will enable the countries under the Hong Kong Convention to protect their environment and safety of workers, but also the required accountability leaves no room for liberation from the law, including legislators that may benefit from abusing their role in hopes of personal gain. The Convention requires all vessels to carry detailed, regularly updated inventories of hazardous materials throughout their years of service. (Alam)

=== '''Strengths''' ===
Though the Hong Kong Convention has come under much scrutiny for its obscure guidelines, it holds ship owners accountable for hazardous material upon each ship. The Convention requires all vessels to carry detailed, regularly updated inventories of hazardous materials throughout their years of service. (Alam). In addition to holding ship owners responsible for hazardous material on the vessels, the inventory of hazardous material protects the ship-recycling workers and their communities once the ship is no longer usable. Ships to be sent for recycling will have to meet certification standards, including carrying out an inventory of hazardous materials, specific to each ship.(Alam). In order to properly ensure obedience with the policies and inhibit potential loopholes, the ships are required to meet and undergo surveys to secure compliance. Ships will have to have an initial survey to verify the inventory of hazardous materials, surveys during the life of the ship, and a final survey prior to recycling, (Alam). In holding ship owners accountable, there is also a necessity to assure conformity to protect the environment and ship recycling workers. Ship recycling yards must be authorised, and will be required to provide a ‘Ship Recycling Plan’, to specify the manner in which each ship will be recycled, depending on its particulars and its inventory. (Alam). Many conventions were developed as a tertiary prevention approach to ship recycling, protecting the environment and its workers, few conventions have turned their efforts to focus on primary or secondary prevention methods. This Convention tries to cover all aspects of a ship's life (described by Bhattacharjee as ‘the cradle-to-grave-approach. (Alam). Concentrating on primary prevention attempts will potentially diminish means of escape and the use of toxic materials as the construction of the ships will require "green" friendly materials. The Convention addresses the crucial issue of ‘green ship building and design’ which neither the Basel Convention nor any other international treaties directly addresses. (Alam). The Hong Kong Convention was put into effect much later than the Basel Convention, though it has acknowledged it's weaknesses and attempted to reconstruct its guidelines to certify complete compliance and environmental conservation and human safety. In May 2009, the Hong Kong International Convention for Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships was adopted. (Chang). The concentration and recognition of likely harms faced in the ship recycling industry lacks focus and attention by other conventions. The Hong Kong Convention is aimed at ensuring ships when recycled after reaching end of operational lives do not pose unnecessary risk to human health and safety or to the environment (Chang). Other conventions allow leniency to visiting ships operating through other parties, enabling them to slip through the cracks through other countries not operating or operating under less restricted policies. The Hong Kong Convention applies to: ships entitled to fly the flag of a Party or operating under its authority and ship-recycling facilities operating under the jurisdiction of a Party (Chang).

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
Although the Hong Kong Convention can be seen as a more strict amendment to the Basel Convention, it lacks methods guiding the aftermath or processes once the ship has been recycled. Arguably, this is a substantial improvement on the approach of the Basel Convention, though ‘the 2009 Hong Kong Convention itself does not introduce a compulsory and environmentally sound ship recycling method. (Alam). The conventions efforts to seal loopholes and account for all vessels creation through recycling, it does not include all parties utilizing vessels. Furthermore it fails to adequately address ‘final management of waste’, and it has multiple exclusions such as ‘warships, naval auxiliary ships or other ships owned or operated by a Party and used only on governmental, non-commercial service. (Alam).The Hong Kong Conventions aim at primary prevention is extraordinarily beneficial but the vast majority of ships currently in use should also be addressed as their average lifetime of 20 years is a lengthy amount of time to go ignored and harm workers and the environment. However, the newly adopted Convention has been criticised as it does not impose substantial obligations on shipbreaking countries or ship owners to improve the present conditions and it fails to demand decontamination of ships within developed countries prior to the final export. (Alam). The green and environmentally safe development of ships the Convention demands will be extensive, though it is the recycling industries that will require the most improvement and restoration added to their already weak and poor financial status and processes. It seems to shift the responsibility of polluters to the victims by concentrating only on downstream environmentally sound management of ship dismantling whilst ignoring the realities of the true capacity of developing countries to adhere to such obligations. (Alam). [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Developing countries]] are vulnerable to ship breaking, as the recycled components and steel obtained from the recycling process is much more than they could afford. In addition of rich countries already taking advantage of poor country's poor financial stability, through this convention we are then asking them to implement and extensively renovate their processes by reason of expensive reconstruction. As shipbreaking is primarily conducted in developing countries—those with the lowest capacity—the Convention's focus on these countries undermines the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. (Alam). The Convention also does not entirely ban the practices of dismantling ships on beaches. In fact, the IMO Ship Recycling Convention is much weaker than the Basel Convention. (Alam). The ratification by the primary ship recycling countries will be difficult as some country's legislators do not view beached ships for recycling without official approval as a legitimate industry. The ultimate difficulty with the Hong Kong Convention relates to its enforcement, for example, it requires ‘the signature of the five main ship recycling States, including Bangladesh, China, India, Pakistan and Turkey. (Alam). Though the developing country's legislators do not perceive ship breaking as a formal industry, they do not refuse the parts obtained through ship recycling. However, domestic law enforcement in Bangladesh is hampered by the lack of recognition of shipbreaking as a formal industry. (Alam)

== '''AFS Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
In 2001, the IMO (International Maritime Organization) met and create the AFS (Anti-Fouling Systems) Convention in response to the harmful effects contributed by the use of anti-fouling systems. According to the AFS Convention, it entered the force and became binding on the parties one year after 25 states, representing 25% of the world’s merchant shipping tonnage, have ratified it. (Gipperth). The Convention was adopted in 2001 and obtained its final signature in September 2007 by Panama and became the 25th state (out of 166 IMO member countries) to ratify the convention. One of the major benefits of the AFS Convention is its adequate percentage of the world's shipping inclusions. These 25 countries represent 38.09% of worlds merchant shipping tonnage, convention entered force September 2008. (Gipperth)

=== '''Strengths''' ===
The IMO adopted the AFS Convention to address the harmful effects caused by anti-fouling systems, primarily toxic based paints such as TBT. The AFS Convention prohibited all use of TBT based antifouling paints in 2008. (Stichnothe)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
The prohibited use of TBT based paints forced ship owners and ship workers to recognize the dangers associated with TBT based paints. Due to entering into force of AFS convention on September 2008, huge amount of TBT containing wastes is expected to be produced, near shipyards, in following months. (Stichnothe). The immediate fear of handling or being near ships coated in TBT based paints likely caused ship works and ship owners to use unsafe methods such as scraping to remove the TBT from the ships, in turn, harming the surrounding marine life and the workers as they might inhale the paint particles.

== '''European Commission''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
The European Commission as a whole is designed to govern and implement legislation upholding the European Union (EU) treaties. The EU Ship Recycling Regulation is a more recent policy established in 2013 implemented under the requirements of the Hong Kong Convention. The main aim of the regulation is that European ships have to be dismantled in safe and environmentally sound facilities. (Alam). The EU has accepted responsibility, primarily that the Hong Kong Convention has forced countries to accept, for their flagged ships and reducing the negative impacts associated with ship-recycling without creating irrelevant economic burdens. According to the Regulation, all waste, including end-of-life ships and vessels, destined for disposal is subject to the requirement of prior notification. (Alam).

=== '''Strengths''' ===
In March 2012, the European Commission (EC) adopted a proposal for new regulation on ship recycling, which has been approved by the European Parliament in April 2013. (Alam). The EC's newly implemented regulation operates under the governing Hong Kong Convention the regulation also invokes facets of the Basel Convention. The proposal aims to implement the Basel Convention and an Amendment to the Convention (the ‘Ban Amendment’), which has not yet entered into force. (Alam). The European Union continues to accept responsibility for their vessels and reduce exporting toxic wastes and owning economic accountability associated with ship recycling by employing ship recycling facilities that have proven and met the ship recycling criteria. European ships are only allowed to be recycled in facilities that are registered in a European list of recycling facilities (apply for inclusion with evidence that they meet stipulated requirements) (Alam)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
== '''Basel Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
The Basal Convention was one of the initial regulations established to prohibit the transportation of toxic waste for disposal and to protect human health and the environment from hazardous toxins. The Basel Convention remains the principal international legal instrument of regulation on the shipbreaking industry. (Alam). Many people encourage the proper disposal of toxic waste, however, they seem to be more concerned that the adverse waste is not disposed of in their area, they'd prefer to outsource the waste. The main purpose of the Basel Convention is to ensure that parties take responsibility for their own hazardous waste, establish hazardous waste disposal facilities (including recycling) within their territory, minimise the generation and transboundary movement of hazardous waste, and ensure that they do not export the hazards and damage to human health and the environment, to other countries. (Alam). Regulations that encourage hazardous waste accountability and determine suitability for recycling allow more protection for the environment and human health. The European Waste Shipment Regulation 259/93/EEC determines which procedures to apply before waste can be shipped within, into and out of the European Community, the Regulation is largely based on the Basel Convention. (Alam). Though there are strict guidelines set forth to discourage the transportation of toxic waste for good reason, many ship owners choose to disregard the reasoning. In most cases, ships exported for shipbreaking are a clear violation of these objectives. (Alam). Unfortunately, many countries, especially developed countries, elect to have control or a announce a suggestions to these Conventions, ironically do not authenticate the Conventions but forcing the committed countries to abide by the regulations. The United States dominated many of original Basel Convention negotiations, failed to ratify agreement, joining Haiti and Afghanistan as only signatories to the agreement that have failed to ratify treaty. (Alam).

=== '''Strengths''' ===
Many countries elude abiding by the endorsed regulations by operating under various port and flag states as convenient. Firstly, it obligates the Parties, irrespective of their status (e.g., State of Export, Import, Transit, flag or port State), to prohibit or not permit the export of hazardous and other wastes to parties, which have prohibited the import of such wastes. (Alam). It is difficult for every or any Convention to envision every possible evasion of the regulations, the Basel Convention has set the groundwork for subsequent Regulations and comprehend areas for improvement. The Basel Convention is environmentally sound management, which means taking all practicable steps to ensure protection of human health and the environment. (Alam). Being able to hold countries responsible for their avoidance and infringement of the laws is one step, although enforcing the illegal act is seal of solution for holding countries accountable. The Basel Convention defines “illegal traffic” of hazardous wastes and makes it a criminal act. (Alam). The prohibited transportation of hazardous waste is clear and indisputable, but the definition of what constitutes as hazardous is unclear leaving room for open interpretation in different locations. The Basel Convention's 7th Conference of Parties has recognised that end-oflife vessels containing PCBs, asbestos, heavy metals and other hazardous substances should be legally defined as hazardous wastes in international law. (Alam). The clarification of what hazardous waste is defined as further instills liability. Therefore, ships containing such hazardous constituents and destined for ship breaking should be defined as hazardous wastes, this is a significant area of reform for the Basel Convention which requires clarification. (Alam). The majority of the obligation of implementing a practical operation is largely undertaken by the importing state. The failure to prescribe a process by which to ascertain the information has meant that assessment is reliant on representations made by authorities in the importing state, this is problematic where lack of capacity and endemic corruption are regularly encountered. (Alam). There has been a newly suggested addition to the Basel Convention that focuses on two separate collection of nations. The Basel Ban Amendment prohibits all hazardous wastes from being transported from OECD nations to non-OECD nations. (Alam). The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (34 countries founded in 1961) establishes a total ban on exports of hazardous wastes from OECD and EC countries to developing countries. This fulfills the purpose of the convention, namely, “to prevent the developed nations from ‘dumping’ on the developing nations. (Alam)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
ambiguities in the Convention. Arts. 4.1 and 6 of the Basel Convention stipulates that no shipment of waste should take place without all “States Concerned” being informed and consented. (Alam). It is well known that this requirement can be circumvented by unscrupulous waste ship traders by declaring a ship to be waste only after it is in international waters or already at the shipbreaking state. (Alam). The “prior informed consent” (PIC) mechanism requires that the state of export informs an importing state of any transfer, detailing accurately the nature and volume of the waste, and receives written consent from the state of import. (Alam). Violations have shown, however, that exporting parties frequently misrepresent the nature of the waste involved. (Alam). Abidjan disaster the waste concerned was described as ‘routine slops’, the dirty water from washing naval tanks, but was revealed to actually be a mixture of fuels, caustic soda and over two tonnes of hydrogen sulphide. (Alam). This lack of technical capacity has meant that importing states are often unable to ascertain whether the information provided is indeed correct. (Alam). The difficulties are further exacerbated by the fact that the Convention offers no explanation of ‘environmentally sound management’ beyond, ‘taking all practicable steps to ensure that hazardous wastes or other wastes are managed in a manner which will protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects which may result from such wastes’. 53 Exactly what is required then is subject to interpretation and conjecture. (Alam). This limitation has resulted in what is termed the ‘recycling loophole’. 59 It is argued that most waste transfers claimed to be for reuse or reclamation are either ‘sham recycling’, where future use is fabricated to disguise the fact that the waste is actually bound for dumping or ‘dirty recycling’, where the recycling process itself is harmful to the environment and human health. (Alam). Amendment struggles to take significant effect, as participation in ratifying the amendment is low and it has not entered into force yet. (Alam). no direct legal ban on the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes from developed to developing countries. (Alam). Basel Convention- Minimize amount and hazard level of wastes generated worldwide, where generation of hazardous waste is unavoidable such wastes should be disposed of as close to source of generation as possible, stresses environmentally sound management and disposal of hazardous wastes (last point is vague in the treaty, not enforceable or accountable). (Dodds). Basel Convention-failed to create fund to minimize damage from international hazardous wastes, did not prohibit transfer of hazardous waste but rather facilitated movement to countries with developing economies. (Dodds). Basel Convention totally exempts bilateral and multilateral agreements with nonparty countries(nonmember countries, US, and member countries, India, to enter into contracts for disposal of waste). (Dodds). 1989 Basel Convention not entirely adequate to challenge all risks and problems arising from ship recycling facilities. (Chang). Basel convention does not indicate detailed rules for the recycling process, because of this the IMO took ship recycling and its environmental impact onto its agenda. (Chang)
== '''Miscellaneous Conventions''' ==
The Law of the Sea Convention 1982 contains obligations of the states concerning land-based environmental pollution of the sea; most important the obligations contained in Articles 192 and 194. According to Article 192, ‘states have the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment’. Furthermore, states shall according to Article 194 ‘take […] measures […] to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment’. Bangladesh ratified this Convention in 2001
The Stockholm Convention can be relevant when considering Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) such as PCBs; a pervasive substance in many ships
International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling Systems on Ships 2001. It prohibits the use of anti-fouling systems that burdens the environment. Anti-fouling systems that use organotin compounds have to have an additional layer as a barrier to prevent the harmful substances from being released to the environment.
substandard beaching yards the anti-fouling paint usually does not get removed professionally, but simply gets scaped off and released to the environment.
damaging not only to the workers, but also to the coastal ecosystem.
The requirement of over-coating worsens the problem because it makes it more difficult to remove the harmful bottom layer of paint.
IMO dedicated legislator of global shipping industry since maritime catastrophes in 1960’s. (Chang)
In addition, joint efforts with the IMO, the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Conference of Parties to the 1989 Basel Convention were also made to establish a Joint Working Group on Ship Scrapping. (Chang)
Since decision making process within IMO (International Maritime Organization) is base on principle of state sovereignty, state members are free to enter any IMO Convention. (Gipperth)
== '''Green Ship Countries'''==
[[Green Ships:Green Ship Countries|Green Ship Countries]]

== '''References'''==

Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations

2015-06-08T20:28:55Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Summary */

== '''Hong Kong Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
Of all the conventions in effect, the Hong Kong Convention is the more recent Convention, as well as [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|the IMO in works with Bangladesh]], to actively seek more clear and stricter guidelines regarding occupational safety and environmental concerns in ship recycling. The Hong Kong Convention has been adopted under the auspices of the IMO in 2009 after more than five years of negotiations, and is expected to enter into force in 2015. (Alam). The original framework of the Hong Kong convention was very vague and allowed for many countries to slip through the cracks in order to avoid the environmental safety guidelines. The aim of the Convention is to provide regulations for the design, construction, operation and preparation of ships so as to facilitate safe and environmentally sound recycling. (Alam). Clear and concise protocol will enable the countries under the Hong Kong Convention to protect their environment and safety of workers, but also the required accountability leaves no room for liberation from the law, including legislators that may benefit from abusing their role in hopes of personal gain. The Convention requires all vessels to carry detailed, regularly updated inventories of hazardous materials throughout their years of service. (Alam)

=== '''Strengths''' ===
Though the Hong Kong Convention has come under much scrutiny for its obscure guidelines, it holds ship owners accountable for hazardous material upon each ship. The Convention requires all vessels to carry detailed, regularly updated inventories of hazardous materials throughout their years of service. (Alam). In addition to holding ship owners responsible for hazardous material on the vessels, the inventory of hazardous material protects the ship-recycling workers and their communities once the ship is no longer usable. Ships to be sent for recycling will have to meet certification standards, including carrying out an inventory of hazardous materials, specific to each ship.(Alam). In order to properly ensure obedience with the policies and inhibit potential loopholes, the ships are required to meet and undergo surveys to secure compliance. Ships will have to have an initial survey to verify the inventory of hazardous materials, surveys during the life of the ship, and a final survey prior to recycling, (Alam). In holding ship owners accountable, there is also a necessity to assure conformity to protect the environment and ship recycling workers. Ship recycling yards must be authorised, and will be required to provide a ‘Ship Recycling Plan’, to specify the manner in which each ship will be recycled, depending on its particulars and its inventory. (Alam). Many conventions were developed as a tertiary prevention approach to ship recycling, protecting the environment and its workers, few conventions have turned their efforts to focus on primary or secondary prevention methods. This Convention tries to cover all aspects of a ship's life (described by Bhattacharjee as ‘the cradle-to-grave-approach. (Alam). Concentrating on primary prevention attempts will potentially diminish means of escape and the use of toxic materials as the construction of the ships will require "green" friendly materials. The Convention addresses the crucial issue of ‘green ship building and design’ which neither the Basel Convention nor any other international treaties directly addresses. (Alam). The Hong Kong Convention was put into effect much later than the Basel Convention, though it has acknowledged it's weaknesses and attempted to reconstruct its guidelines to certify complete compliance and environmental conservation and human safety. In May 2009, the Hong Kong International Convention for Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships was adopted. (Chang). The concentration and recognition of likely harms faced in the ship recycling industry lacks focus and attention by other conventions. The Hong Kong Convention is aimed at ensuring ships when recycled after reaching end of operational lives do not pose unnecessary risk to human health and safety or to the environment (Chang). Other conventions allow leniency to visiting ships operating through other parties, enabling them to slip through the cracks through other countries not operating or operating under less restricted policies. The Hong Kong Convention applies to: ships entitled to fly the flag of a Party or operating under its authority and ship-recycling facilities operating under the jurisdiction of a Party (Chang).

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
Although the Hong Kong Convention can be seen as a more strict amendment to the Basel Convention, it lacks methods guiding the aftermath or processes once the ship has been recycled. Arguably, this is a substantial improvement on the approach of the Basel Convention, though ‘the 2009 Hong Kong Convention itself does not introduce a compulsory and environmentally sound ship recycling method. (Alam). The conventions efforts to seal loopholes and account for all vessels creation through recycling, it does not include all parties utilizing vessels. Furthermore it fails to adequately address ‘final management of waste’, and it has multiple exclusions such as ‘warships, naval auxiliary ships or other ships owned or operated by a Party and used only on governmental, non-commercial service. (Alam).The Hong Kong Conventions aim at primary prevention is extraordinarily beneficial but the vast majority of ships currently in use should also be addressed as their average lifetime of 20 years is a lengthy amount of time to go ignored and harm workers and the environment. However, the newly adopted Convention has been criticised as it does not impose substantial obligations on shipbreaking countries or ship owners to improve the present conditions and it fails to demand decontamination of ships within developed countries prior to the final export. (Alam). The green and environmentally safe development of ships the Convention demands will be extensive, though it is the recycling industries that will require the most improvement and restoration added to their already weak and poor financial status and processes. It seems to shift the responsibility of polluters to the victims by concentrating only on downstream environmentally sound management of ship dismantling whilst ignoring the realities of the true capacity of developing countries to adhere to such obligations. (Alam). [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Developing countries]] are vulnerable to ship breaking, as the recycled components and steel obtained from the recycling process is much more than they could afford. In addition of rich countries already taking advantage of poor country's poor financial stability, through this convention we are then asking them to implement and extensively renovate their processes by reason of expensive reconstruction. As shipbreaking is primarily conducted in developing countries—those with the lowest capacity—the Convention's focus on these countries undermines the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. (Alam). The Convention also does not entirely ban the practices of dismantling ships on beaches. In fact, the IMO Ship Recycling Convention is much weaker than the Basel Convention. (Alam). The ratification by the primary ship recycling countries will be difficult as some country's legislators do not view beached ships for recycling without official approval as a legitimate industry. The ultimate difficulty with the Hong Kong Convention relates to its enforcement, for example, it requires ‘the signature of the five main ship recycling States, including Bangladesh, China, India, Pakistan and Turkey. (Alam). Though the developing country's legislators do not perceive ship breaking as a formal industry, they do not refuse the parts obtained through ship recycling. However, domestic law enforcement in Bangladesh is hampered by the lack of recognition of shipbreaking as a formal industry. (Alam)

== '''AFS Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
In 2001, the IMO (International Maritime Organization) met and create the AFS (Anti-Fouling Systems) Convention in response to the harmful effects contributed by the use of anti-fouling systems. According to the AFS Convention, it entered the force and became binding on the parties one year after 25 states, representing 25% of the world’s merchant shipping tonnage, have ratified it. (Gipperth). The Convention was adopted in 2001 and obtained its final signature in September 2007 by Panama and became the 25th state (out of 166 IMO member countries) to ratify the convention. One of the major benefits of the AFS Convention is its adequate percentage of the world's shipping inclusions. These 25 countries represent 38.09% of worlds merchant shipping tonnage, convention entered force September 2008. (Gipperth)

=== '''Strengths''' ===
The IMO adopted the AFS Convention to address the harmful effects caused by anti-fouling systems, primarily toxic based paints such as TBT. The AFS Convention prohibited all use of TBT based antifouling paints in 2008. (Stichnothe)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
The prohibited use of TBT based paints forced ship owners and ship workers to recognize the dangers associated with TBT based paints. Due to entering into force of AFS convention on September 2008, huge amount of TBT containing wastes is expected to be produced, near shipyards, in following months. (Stichnothe). The immediate fear of handling or being near ships coated in TBT based paints likely caused ship works and ship owners to use unsafe methods such as scraping to remove the TBT from the ships, in turn, harming the surrounding marine life and the workers as they might inhale the paint particles.

== '''European Commission''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
The European Commission as a whole is designed to govern and implement legislation upholding the European Union (EU) treaties. The EU Ship Recycling Regulation is a more recent policy established in 2013 implemented under the requirements of the Hong Kong Convention. The main aim of the regulation is that European ships have to be dismantled in safe and environmentally sound facilities. (Alam). The EU has accepted responsibility, primarily that the Hong Kong Convention has forced countries to accept, for their flagged ships and reducing the negative impacts associated with ship-recycling without creating irrelevant economic burdens. According to the Regulation, all waste, including end-of-life ships and vessels, destined for disposal is subject to the requirement of prior notification. (Alam).

=== '''Strengths''' ===
In March 2012, the European Commission (EC) adopted a proposal for new regulation on ship recycling, which has been approved by the European Parliament in April 2013. (Alam). The EC's newly implemented regulation operates under the governing Hong Kong Convention the regulation also invokes facets of the Basel Convention. The proposal aims to implement the Basel Convention and an Amendment to the Convention (the ‘Ban Amendment’), which has not yet entered into force. (Alam). The European Union continues to accept responsibility for their vessels and reduce exporting toxic wastes and owning economic accountability associated with ship recycling by employing ship recycling facilities that have proven and met the ship recycling criteria. European ships are only allowed to be recycled in facilities that are registered in a European list of recycling facilities (apply for inclusion with evidence that they meet stipulated requirements) (Alam)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
== '''Basel Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
The Basal Convention was one of the initial regulations established to prohibit the transportation of toxic waste for disposal and to protect human health and the environment from hazardous toxins. The Basel Convention remains the principal international legal instrument of regulation on the shipbreaking industry. (Alam). Many people encourage the proper disposal of toxic waste, however, they seem to be more concerned that the adverse waste is not disposed of in their area, they'd prefer to outsource the waste. The main purpose of the Basel Convention is to ensure that parties take responsibility for their own hazardous waste, establish hazardous waste disposal facilities (including recycling) within their territory, minimise the generation and transboundary movement of hazardous waste, and ensure that they do not export the hazards and damage to human health and the environment, to other countries. (Alam). Regulations that encourage hazardous waste accountability and determine suitability for recycling allow more protection for the environment and human health. The European Waste Shipment Regulation 259/93/EEC determines which procedures to apply before waste can be shipped within, into and out of the European Community, the Regulation is largely based on the Basel Convention. (Alam). Though there are strict guidelines set forth to discourage the transportation of toxic waste for good reason, many ship owners choose to disregard the reasoning. In most cases, ships exported for shipbreaking are a clear violation of these objectives. (Alam). Unfortunately, many countries, especially developed countries, elect to have control or a announce a suggestions to these Conventions, ironically do not authenticate the Conventions but forcing the committed countries to abide by the regulations. The United States dominated many of original Basel Convention negotiations, failed to ratify agreement, joining Haiti and Afghanistan as only signatories to the agreement that have failed to ratify treaty. (Alam).

=== '''Strengths''' ===
Firstly, it obligates the Parties, irrespective of their status (e.g., State of Export, Import, Transit, flag or port State), to prohibit or not permit the export of hazardous and other wastes to parties, which have prohibited the import of such wastes. (Alam). Basel Convention is environmentally sound management, which means taking all practicable steps to ensure protection of human health and the environment. (Alam). Basel Convention defines “illegal traffic” of hazardous wastes and makes it a criminal act. (Alam). Basel Convention's 7th Conference of Parties has recognised that end-oflife vessels containing PCBs, asbestos, heavy metals and other hazardous substances should be legally defined as hazardous wastes in international law. (Alam). Therefore, ships containing such hazardous constituents and destined for ship breaking should be defined as hazardous wastes. This is a significant area of reform for the Basel Convention which requires clarification. (Alam). failure to prescribe a process by which to ascertain the information has meant that assessment is reliant on representations made by authorities in the importing state. This is problematic where lack of capacity and endemic corruption are regularly encountered. (Alam). The Basel Ban Amendment64 prohibits all hazardous wastes from being transported from OECD nations to non-OECD nations. (Alam). The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (34 countries founded in 1961) http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/list-oecd-member-countries.htm. (Alam). establishes a total ban on exports of hazardous wastes from OECD and EC countries to developing countries. Fulfills the purpose of the convention, namely, “to prevent the developed nations from ‘dumping’ on the developing nations. (Alam)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
ambiguities in the Convention. Arts. 4.1 and 6 of the Basel Convention stipulates that no shipment of waste should take place without all “States Concerned” being informed and consented. (Alam). It is well known that this requirement can be circumvented by unscrupulous waste ship traders by declaring a ship to be waste only after it is in international waters or already at the shipbreaking state. (Alam). The “prior informed consent” (PIC) mechanism requires that the state of export informs an importing state of any transfer, detailing accurately the nature and volume of the waste, and receives written consent from the state of import. (Alam). Violations have shown, however, that exporting parties frequently misrepresent the nature of the waste involved. (Alam). Abidjan disaster the waste concerned was described as ‘routine slops’, the dirty water from washing naval tanks, but was revealed to actually be a mixture of fuels, caustic soda and over two tonnes of hydrogen sulphide. (Alam). This lack of technical capacity has meant that importing states are often unable to ascertain whether the information provided is indeed correct. (Alam). The difficulties are further exacerbated by the fact that the Convention offers no explanation of ‘environmentally sound management’ beyond, ‘taking all practicable steps to ensure that hazardous wastes or other wastes are managed in a manner which will protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects which may result from such wastes’. 53 Exactly what is required then is subject to interpretation and conjecture. (Alam). This limitation has resulted in what is termed the ‘recycling loophole’. 59 It is argued that most waste transfers claimed to be for reuse or reclamation are either ‘sham recycling’, where future use is fabricated to disguise the fact that the waste is actually bound for dumping or ‘dirty recycling’, where the recycling process itself is harmful to the environment and human health. (Alam). Amendment struggles to take significant effect, as participation in ratifying the amendment is low and it has not entered into force yet. (Alam). no direct legal ban on the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes from developed to developing countries. (Alam). Basel Convention- Minimize amount and hazard level of wastes generated worldwide, where generation of hazardous waste is unavoidable such wastes should be disposed of as close to source of generation as possible, stresses environmentally sound management and disposal of hazardous wastes (last point is vague in the treaty, not enforceable or accountable). (Dodds). Basel Convention-failed to create fund to minimize damage from international hazardous wastes, did not prohibit transfer of hazardous waste but rather facilitated movement to countries with developing economies. (Dodds). Basel Convention totally exempts bilateral and multilateral agreements with nonparty countries(nonmember countries, US, and member countries, India, to enter into contracts for disposal of waste). (Dodds). 1989 Basel Convention not entirely adequate to challenge all risks and problems arising from ship recycling facilities. (Chang). Basel convention does not indicate detailed rules for the recycling process, because of this the IMO took ship recycling and its environmental impact onto its agenda. (Chang)
== '''Miscellaneous Conventions''' ==
The Law of the Sea Convention 1982 contains obligations of the states concerning land-based environmental pollution of the sea; most important the obligations contained in Articles 192 and 194. According to Article 192, ‘states have the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment’. Furthermore, states shall according to Article 194 ‘take […] measures […] to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment’. Bangladesh ratified this Convention in 2001
The Stockholm Convention can be relevant when considering Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) such as PCBs; a pervasive substance in many ships
International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling Systems on Ships 2001. It prohibits the use of anti-fouling systems that burdens the environment. Anti-fouling systems that use organotin compounds have to have an additional layer as a barrier to prevent the harmful substances from being released to the environment.
substandard beaching yards the anti-fouling paint usually does not get removed professionally, but simply gets scaped off and released to the environment.
damaging not only to the workers, but also to the coastal ecosystem.
The requirement of over-coating worsens the problem because it makes it more difficult to remove the harmful bottom layer of paint.
IMO dedicated legislator of global shipping industry since maritime catastrophes in 1960’s. (Chang)
In addition, joint efforts with the IMO, the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Conference of Parties to the 1989 Basel Convention were also made to establish a Joint Working Group on Ship Scrapping. (Chang)
Since decision making process within IMO (International Maritime Organization) is base on principle of state sovereignty, state members are free to enter any IMO Convention. (Gipperth)
== '''Green Ship Countries'''==
[[Green Ships:Green Ship Countries|Green Ship Countries]]

== '''References'''==

Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations

2015-06-08T19:34:25Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Strengths */

== '''Hong Kong Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
Of all the conventions in effect, the Hong Kong Convention is the more recent Convention, as well as [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|the IMO in works with Bangladesh]], to actively seek more clear and stricter guidelines regarding occupational safety and environmental concerns in ship recycling. The Hong Kong Convention has been adopted under the auspices of the IMO in 2009 after more than five years of negotiations, and is expected to enter into force in 2015. (Alam). The original framework of the Hong Kong convention was very vague and allowed for many countries to slip through the cracks in order to avoid the environmental safety guidelines. The aim of the Convention is to provide regulations for the design, construction, operation and preparation of ships so as to facilitate safe and environmentally sound recycling. (Alam). Clear and concise protocol will enable the countries under the Hong Kong Convention to protect their environment and safety of workers, but also the required accountability leaves no room for liberation from the law, including legislators that may benefit from abusing their role in hopes of personal gain. The Convention requires all vessels to carry detailed, regularly updated inventories of hazardous materials throughout their years of service. (Alam)

=== '''Strengths''' ===
Though the Hong Kong Convention has come under much scrutiny for its obscure guidelines, it holds ship owners accountable for hazardous material upon each ship. The Convention requires all vessels to carry detailed, regularly updated inventories of hazardous materials throughout their years of service. (Alam). In addition to holding ship owners responsible for hazardous material on the vessels, the inventory of hazardous material protects the ship-recycling workers and their communities once the ship is no longer usable. Ships to be sent for recycling will have to meet certification standards, including carrying out an inventory of hazardous materials, specific to each ship.(Alam). In order to properly ensure obedience with the policies and inhibit potential loopholes, the ships are required to meet and undergo surveys to secure compliance. Ships will have to have an initial survey to verify the inventory of hazardous materials, surveys during the life of the ship, and a final survey prior to recycling, (Alam). In holding ship owners accountable, there is also a necessity to assure conformity to protect the environment and ship recycling workers. Ship recycling yards must be authorised, and will be required to provide a ‘Ship Recycling Plan’, to specify the manner in which each ship will be recycled, depending on its particulars and its inventory. (Alam). Many conventions were developed as a tertiary prevention approach to ship recycling, protecting the environment and its workers, few conventions have turned their efforts to focus on primary or secondary prevention methods. This Convention tries to cover all aspects of a ship's life (described by Bhattacharjee as ‘the cradle-to-grave-approach. (Alam). Concentrating on primary prevention attempts will potentially diminish means of escape and the use of toxic materials as the construction of the ships will require "green" friendly materials. The Convention addresses the crucial issue of ‘green ship building and design’ which neither the Basel Convention nor any other international treaties directly addresses. (Alam). The Hong Kong Convention was put into effect much later than the Basel Convention, though it has acknowledged it's weaknesses and attempted to reconstruct its guidelines to certify complete compliance and environmental conservation and human safety. In May 2009, the Hong Kong International Convention for Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships was adopted. (Chang). The concentration and recognition of likely harms faced in the ship recycling industry lacks focus and attention by other conventions. The Hong Kong Convention is aimed at ensuring ships when recycled after reaching end of operational lives do not pose unnecessary risk to human health and safety or to the environment (Chang). Other conventions allow leniency to visiting ships operating through other parties, enabling them to slip through the cracks through other countries not operating or operating under less restricted policies. The Hong Kong Convention applies to: ships entitled to fly the flag of a Party or operating under its authority and ship-recycling facilities operating under the jurisdiction of a Party (Chang).

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
Although the Hong Kong Convention can be seen as a more strict amendment to the Basel Convention, it lacks methods guiding the aftermath or processes once the ship has been recycled. Arguably, this is a substantial improvement on the approach of the Basel Convention, though ‘the 2009 Hong Kong Convention itself does not introduce a compulsory and environmentally sound ship recycling method. (Alam). The conventions efforts to seal loopholes and account for all vessels creation through recycling, it does not include all parties utilizing vessels. Furthermore it fails to adequately address ‘final management of waste’, and it has multiple exclusions such as ‘warships, naval auxiliary ships or other ships owned or operated by a Party and used only on governmental, non-commercial service. (Alam).The Hong Kong Conventions aim at primary prevention is extraordinarily beneficial but the vast majority of ships currently in use should also be addressed as their average lifetime of 20 years is a lengthy amount of time to go ignored and harm workers and the environment. However, the newly adopted Convention has been criticised as it does not impose substantial obligations on shipbreaking countries or ship owners to improve the present conditions and it fails to demand decontamination of ships within developed countries prior to the final export. (Alam). The green and environmentally safe development of ships the Convention demands will be extensive, though it is the recycling industries that will require the most improvement and restoration added to their already weak and poor financial status and processes. It seems to shift the responsibility of polluters to the victims by concentrating only on downstream environmentally sound management of ship dismantling whilst ignoring the realities of the true capacity of developing countries to adhere to such obligations. (Alam). [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Developing countries]] are vulnerable to ship breaking, as the recycled components and steel obtained from the recycling process is much more than they could afford. In addition of rich countries already taking advantage of poor country's poor financial stability, through this convention we are then asking them to implement and extensively renovate their processes by reason of expensive reconstruction. As shipbreaking is primarily conducted in developing countries—those with the lowest capacity—the Convention's focus on these countries undermines the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. (Alam). The Convention also does not entirely ban the practices of dismantling ships on beaches. In fact, the IMO Ship Recycling Convention is much weaker than the Basel Convention. (Alam). The ratification by the primary ship recycling countries will be difficult as some country's legislators do not view beached ships for recycling without official approval as a legitimate industry. The ultimate difficulty with the Hong Kong Convention relates to its enforcement, for example, it requires ‘the signature of the five main ship recycling States, including Bangladesh, China, India, Pakistan and Turkey. (Alam). Though the developing country's legislators do not perceive ship breaking as a formal industry, they do not refuse the parts obtained through ship recycling. However, domestic law enforcement in Bangladesh is hampered by the lack of recognition of shipbreaking as a formal industry. (Alam)

== '''AFS Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
In 2001, the IMO (International Maritime Organization) met and create the AFS (Anti-Fouling Systems) Convention in response to the harmful effects contributed by the use of anti-fouling systems. According to the AFS Convention, it entered the force and became binding on the parties one year after 25 states, representing 25% of the world’s merchant shipping tonnage, have ratified it. (Gipperth). The Convention was adopted in 2001 and obtained its final signature in September 2007 by Panama and became the 25th state (out of 166 IMO member countries) to ratify the convention. One of the major benefits of the AFS Convention is its adequate percentage of the world's shipping inclusions. These 25 countries represent 38.09% of worlds merchant shipping tonnage, convention entered force September 2008. (Gipperth)

=== '''Strengths''' ===
The IMO adopted the AFS Convention to address the harmful effects caused by anti-fouling systems, primarily toxic based paints such as TBT. The AFS Convention prohibited all use of TBT based antifouling paints in 2008. (Stichnothe)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
The prohibited use of TBT based paints forced ship owners and ship workers to recognize the dangers associated with TBT based paints. Due to entering into force of AFS convention on September 2008, huge amount of TBT containing wastes is expected to be produced, near shipyards, in following months. (Stichnothe). The immediate fear of handling or being near ships coated in TBT based paints likely caused ship works and ship owners to use unsafe methods such as scraping to remove the TBT from the ships, in turn, harming the surrounding marine life and the workers as they might inhale the paint particles.

== '''European Commission''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
The European Commission as a whole is designed to govern and implement legislation upholding the European Union (EU) treaties. The EU Ship Recycling Regulation is a more recent policy established in 2013 implemented under the requirements of the Hong Kong Convention. The main aim of the regulation is that European ships have to be dismantled in safe and environmentally sound facilities. (Alam). The EU has accepted responsibility, primarily that the Hong Kong Convention has forced countries to accept, for their flagged ships and reducing the negative impacts associated with ship-recycling without creating irrelevant economic burdens. According to the Regulation, all waste, including end-of-life ships and vessels, destined for disposal is subject to the requirement of prior notification. (Alam).

=== '''Strengths''' ===
In March 2012, the European Commission (EC) adopted a proposal for new regulation on ship recycling, which has been approved by the European Parliament in April 2013. (Alam). The EC's newly implemented regulation operates under the governing Hong Kong Convention the regulation also invokes facets of the Basel Convention. The proposal aims to implement the Basel Convention and an Amendment to the Convention (the ‘Ban Amendment’), which has not yet entered into force. (Alam). The European Union continues to accept responsibility for their vessels and reduce exporting toxic wastes and owning economic accountability associated with ship recycling by employing ship recycling facilities that have proven and met the ship recycling criteria. European ships are only allowed to be recycled in facilities that are registered in a European list of recycling facilities (apply for inclusion with evidence that they meet stipulated requirements) (Alam)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
== '''Basel Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
The Basel Convention remains the principal international legal instrument of regulation on the shipbreaking industry. (Alam). The main purpose of the Basel Convention is to ensure that parties take responsibility for their own hazardous waste, establish hazardous waste disposal facilities (including recycling) within their territory, minimise the generation and transboundary movement of hazardous waste, and ensure that they do not export the hazards and damage to human health and the environment, to other countries. (Alam). The European Waste Shipment Regulation 259/93/EEC determines which procedures to apply before waste can be shipped within, into and out of the European Community.26 The Regulation is largely based on the Basel Convention. (Alam). In most cases, ships exported for shipbreaking are a clear violation of these objectives. (Alam). United States dominated many of original Basel Convention negotiations, failed to ratify agreement, joining Haiti and Afghanistan as only signatories to the agreement that have failed to ratify treaty.

=== '''Strengths''' ===
Firstly, it obligates the Parties, irrespective of their status (e.g., State of Export, Import, Transit, flag or port State), to prohibit or not permit the export of hazardous and other wastes to parties, which have prohibited the import of such wastes. (Alam). Basel Convention is environmentally sound management, which means taking all practicable steps to ensure protection of human health and the environment. (Alam). Basel Convention defines “illegal traffic” of hazardous wastes and makes it a criminal act. (Alam). Basel Convention's 7th Conference of Parties has recognised that end-oflife vessels containing PCBs, asbestos, heavy metals and other hazardous substances should be legally defined as hazardous wastes in international law. (Alam). Therefore, ships containing such hazardous constituents and destined for ship breaking should be defined as hazardous wastes. This is a significant area of reform for the Basel Convention which requires clarification. (Alam). failure to prescribe a process by which to ascertain the information has meant that assessment is reliant on representations made by authorities in the importing state. This is problematic where lack of capacity and endemic corruption are regularly encountered. (Alam). The Basel Ban Amendment64 prohibits all hazardous wastes from being transported from OECD nations to non-OECD nations. (Alam). The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (34 countries founded in 1961) http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/list-oecd-member-countries.htm. (Alam). establishes a total ban on exports of hazardous wastes from OECD and EC countries to developing countries. Fulfills the purpose of the convention, namely, “to prevent the developed nations from ‘dumping’ on the developing nations. (Alam)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
ambiguities in the Convention. Arts. 4.1 and 6 of the Basel Convention stipulates that no shipment of waste should take place without all “States Concerned” being informed and consented. (Alam). It is well known that this requirement can be circumvented by unscrupulous waste ship traders by declaring a ship to be waste only after it is in international waters or already at the shipbreaking state. (Alam). The “prior informed consent” (PIC) mechanism requires that the state of export informs an importing state of any transfer, detailing accurately the nature and volume of the waste, and receives written consent from the state of import. (Alam). Violations have shown, however, that exporting parties frequently misrepresent the nature of the waste involved. (Alam). Abidjan disaster the waste concerned was described as ‘routine slops’, the dirty water from washing naval tanks, but was revealed to actually be a mixture of fuels, caustic soda and over two tonnes of hydrogen sulphide. (Alam). This lack of technical capacity has meant that importing states are often unable to ascertain whether the information provided is indeed correct. (Alam). The difficulties are further exacerbated by the fact that the Convention offers no explanation of ‘environmentally sound management’ beyond, ‘taking all practicable steps to ensure that hazardous wastes or other wastes are managed in a manner which will protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects which may result from such wastes’. 53 Exactly what is required then is subject to interpretation and conjecture. (Alam). This limitation has resulted in what is termed the ‘recycling loophole’. 59 It is argued that most waste transfers claimed to be for reuse or reclamation are either ‘sham recycling’, where future use is fabricated to disguise the fact that the waste is actually bound for dumping or ‘dirty recycling’, where the recycling process itself is harmful to the environment and human health. (Alam). Amendment struggles to take significant effect, as participation in ratifying the amendment is low and it has not entered into force yet. (Alam). no direct legal ban on the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes from developed to developing countries. (Alam). Basel Convention- Minimize amount and hazard level of wastes generated worldwide, where generation of hazardous waste is unavoidable such wastes should be disposed of as close to source of generation as possible, stresses environmentally sound management and disposal of hazardous wastes (last point is vague in the treaty, not enforceable or accountable). (Dodds). Basel Convention-failed to create fund to minimize damage from international hazardous wastes, did not prohibit transfer of hazardous waste but rather facilitated movement to countries with developing economies. (Dodds). Basel Convention totally exempts bilateral and multilateral agreements with nonparty countries(nonmember countries, US, and member countries, India, to enter into contracts for disposal of waste). (Dodds). 1989 Basel Convention not entirely adequate to challenge all risks and problems arising from ship recycling facilities. (Chang). Basel convention does not indicate detailed rules for the recycling process, because of this the IMO took ship recycling and its environmental impact onto its agenda. (Chang)
== '''Miscellaneous Conventions''' ==
The Law of the Sea Convention 1982 contains obligations of the states concerning land-based environmental pollution of the sea; most important the obligations contained in Articles 192 and 194. According to Article 192, ‘states have the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment’. Furthermore, states shall according to Article 194 ‘take […] measures […] to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment’. Bangladesh ratified this Convention in 2001
The Stockholm Convention can be relevant when considering Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) such as PCBs; a pervasive substance in many ships
International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling Systems on Ships 2001. It prohibits the use of anti-fouling systems that burdens the environment. Anti-fouling systems that use organotin compounds have to have an additional layer as a barrier to prevent the harmful substances from being released to the environment.
substandard beaching yards the anti-fouling paint usually does not get removed professionally, but simply gets scaped off and released to the environment.
damaging not only to the workers, but also to the coastal ecosystem.
The requirement of over-coating worsens the problem because it makes it more difficult to remove the harmful bottom layer of paint.
IMO dedicated legislator of global shipping industry since maritime catastrophes in 1960’s. (Chang)
In addition, joint efforts with the IMO, the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Conference of Parties to the 1989 Basel Convention were also made to establish a Joint Working Group on Ship Scrapping. (Chang)
Since decision making process within IMO (International Maritime Organization) is base on principle of state sovereignty, state members are free to enter any IMO Convention. (Gipperth)
== '''Green Ship Countries'''==
[[Green Ships:Green Ship Countries|Green Ship Countries]]

== '''References'''==

Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations

2015-06-08T19:27:03Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Summary */

== '''Hong Kong Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
Of all the conventions in effect, the Hong Kong Convention is the more recent Convention, as well as [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|the IMO in works with Bangladesh]], to actively seek more clear and stricter guidelines regarding occupational safety and environmental concerns in ship recycling. The Hong Kong Convention has been adopted under the auspices of the IMO in 2009 after more than five years of negotiations, and is expected to enter into force in 2015. (Alam). The original framework of the Hong Kong convention was very vague and allowed for many countries to slip through the cracks in order to avoid the environmental safety guidelines. The aim of the Convention is to provide regulations for the design, construction, operation and preparation of ships so as to facilitate safe and environmentally sound recycling. (Alam). Clear and concise protocol will enable the countries under the Hong Kong Convention to protect their environment and safety of workers, but also the required accountability leaves no room for liberation from the law, including legislators that may benefit from abusing their role in hopes of personal gain. The Convention requires all vessels to carry detailed, regularly updated inventories of hazardous materials throughout their years of service. (Alam)

=== '''Strengths''' ===
Though the Hong Kong Convention has come under much scrutiny for its obscure guidelines, it holds ship owners accountable for hazardous material upon each ship. The Convention requires all vessels to carry detailed, regularly updated inventories of hazardous materials throughout their years of service. (Alam). In addition to holding ship owners responsible for hazardous material on the vessels, the inventory of hazardous material protects the ship-recycling workers and their communities once the ship is no longer usable. Ships to be sent for recycling will have to meet certification standards, including carrying out an inventory of hazardous materials, specific to each ship.(Alam). In order to properly ensure obedience with the policies and inhibit potential loopholes, the ships are required to meet and undergo surveys to secure compliance. Ships will have to have an initial survey to verify the inventory of hazardous materials, surveys during the life of the ship, and a final survey prior to recycling, (Alam). In holding ship owners accountable, there is also a necessity to assure conformity to protect the environment and ship recycling workers. Ship recycling yards must be authorised, and will be required to provide a ‘Ship Recycling Plan’, to specify the manner in which each ship will be recycled, depending on its particulars and its inventory. (Alam). Many conventions were developed as a tertiary prevention approach to ship recycling, protecting the environment and its workers, few conventions have turned their efforts to focus on primary or secondary prevention methods. This Convention tries to cover all aspects of a ship's life (described by Bhattacharjee as ‘the cradle-to-grave-approach. (Alam). Concentrating on primary prevention attempts will potentially diminish means of escape and the use of toxic materials as the construction of the ships will require "green" friendly materials. The Convention addresses the crucial issue of ‘green ship building and design’ which neither the Basel Convention nor any other international treaties directly addresses. (Alam). The Hong Kong Convention was put into effect much later than the Basel Convention, though it has acknowledged it's weaknesses and attempted to reconstruct its guidelines to certify complete compliance and environmental conservation and human safety. In May 2009, the Hong Kong International Convention for Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships was adopted. (Chang). The concentration and recognition of likely harms faced in the ship recycling industry lacks focus and attention by other conventions. The Hong Kong Convention is aimed at ensuring ships when recycled after reaching end of operational lives do not pose unnecessary risk to human health and safety or to the environment (Chang). Other conventions allow leniency to visiting ships operating through other parties, enabling them to slip through the cracks through other countries not operating or operating under less restricted policies. The Hong Kong Convention applies to: ships entitled to fly the flag of a Party or operating under its authority and ship-recycling facilities operating under the jurisdiction of a Party (Chang).

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
Although the Hong Kong Convention can be seen as a more strict amendment to the Basel Convention, it lacks methods guiding the aftermath or processes once the ship has been recycled. Arguably, this is a substantial improvement on the approach of the Basel Convention, though ‘the 2009 Hong Kong Convention itself does not introduce a compulsory and environmentally sound ship recycling method. (Alam). The conventions efforts to seal loopholes and account for all vessels creation through recycling, it does not include all parties utilizing vessels. Furthermore it fails to adequately address ‘final management of waste’, and it has multiple exclusions such as ‘warships, naval auxiliary ships or other ships owned or operated by a Party and used only on governmental, non-commercial service. (Alam).The Hong Kong Conventions aim at primary prevention is extraordinarily beneficial but the vast majority of ships currently in use should also be addressed as their average lifetime of 20 years is a lengthy amount of time to go ignored and harm workers and the environment. However, the newly adopted Convention has been criticised as it does not impose substantial obligations on shipbreaking countries or ship owners to improve the present conditions and it fails to demand decontamination of ships within developed countries prior to the final export. (Alam). The green and environmentally safe development of ships the Convention demands will be extensive, though it is the recycling industries that will require the most improvement and restoration added to their already weak and poor financial status and processes. It seems to shift the responsibility of polluters to the victims by concentrating only on downstream environmentally sound management of ship dismantling whilst ignoring the realities of the true capacity of developing countries to adhere to such obligations. (Alam). [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Developing countries]] are vulnerable to ship breaking, as the recycled components and steel obtained from the recycling process is much more than they could afford. In addition of rich countries already taking advantage of poor country's poor financial stability, through this convention we are then asking them to implement and extensively renovate their processes by reason of expensive reconstruction. As shipbreaking is primarily conducted in developing countries—those with the lowest capacity—the Convention's focus on these countries undermines the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. (Alam). The Convention also does not entirely ban the practices of dismantling ships on beaches. In fact, the IMO Ship Recycling Convention is much weaker than the Basel Convention. (Alam). The ratification by the primary ship recycling countries will be difficult as some country's legislators do not view beached ships for recycling without official approval as a legitimate industry. The ultimate difficulty with the Hong Kong Convention relates to its enforcement, for example, it requires ‘the signature of the five main ship recycling States, including Bangladesh, China, India, Pakistan and Turkey. (Alam). Though the developing country's legislators do not perceive ship breaking as a formal industry, they do not refuse the parts obtained through ship recycling. However, domestic law enforcement in Bangladesh is hampered by the lack of recognition of shipbreaking as a formal industry. (Alam)

== '''AFS Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
In 2001, the IMO (International Maritime Organization) met and create the AFS (Anti-Fouling Systems) Convention in response to the harmful effects contributed by the use of anti-fouling systems. According to the AFS Convention, it entered the force and became binding on the parties one year after 25 states, representing 25% of the world’s merchant shipping tonnage, have ratified it. (Gipperth). The Convention was adopted in 2001 and obtained its final signature in September 2007 by Panama and became the 25th state (out of 166 IMO member countries) to ratify the convention. One of the major benefits of the AFS Convention is its adequate percentage of the world's shipping inclusions. These 25 countries represent 38.09% of worlds merchant shipping tonnage, convention entered force September 2008. (Gipperth)

=== '''Strengths''' ===
The IMO adopted the AFS Convention to address the harmful effects caused by anti-fouling systems, primarily toxic based paints such as TBT. The AFS Convention prohibited all use of TBT based antifouling paints in 2008. (Stichnothe)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
The prohibited use of TBT based paints forced ship owners and ship workers to recognize the dangers associated with TBT based paints. Due to entering into force of AFS convention on September 2008, huge amount of TBT containing wastes is expected to be produced, near shipyards, in following months. (Stichnothe). The immediate fear of handling or being near ships coated in TBT based paints likely caused ship works and ship owners to use unsafe methods such as scraping to remove the TBT from the ships, in turn, harming the surrounding marine life and the workers as they might inhale the paint particles.

== '''European Commission''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
The European Commission as a whole is designed to govern and implement legislation upholding the European Union (EU) treaties. The EU Ship Recycling Regulation is a more recent policy established in 2013 implemented under the requirements of the Hong Kong Convention. The main aim of the regulation is that European ships have to be dismantled in safe and environmentally sound facilities. (Alam). The EU has accepted responsibility, primarily that the Hong Kong Convention has forced countries to accept, for their flagged ships and reducing the negative impacts associated with ship-recycling without creating irrelevant economic burdens. According to the Regulation, all waste, including end-of-life ships and vessels, destined for disposal is subject to the requirement of prior notification. (Alam).

=== '''Strengths''' ===
In March 2012, the European Commission adopted a proposal for new regulation on ship recycling, which has been approved by the European Parliament in April 2013. (Alam). The proposal aims to implement the Basel Convention and an Amendment to the Convention (the ‘Ban Amendment’), which has not yet entered into force. (Alam). European ships are only allowed to be recycled in facilities that are registered in a European list of recycling facilities (apply for inclusion with evidence that they meet stipulated requirements) (Alam)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
== '''Basel Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
The Basel Convention remains the principal international legal instrument of regulation on the shipbreaking industry. (Alam). The main purpose of the Basel Convention is to ensure that parties take responsibility for their own hazardous waste, establish hazardous waste disposal facilities (including recycling) within their territory, minimise the generation and transboundary movement of hazardous waste, and ensure that they do not export the hazards and damage to human health and the environment, to other countries. (Alam). The European Waste Shipment Regulation 259/93/EEC determines which procedures to apply before waste can be shipped within, into and out of the European Community.26 The Regulation is largely based on the Basel Convention. (Alam). In most cases, ships exported for shipbreaking are a clear violation of these objectives. (Alam). United States dominated many of original Basel Convention negotiations, failed to ratify agreement, joining Haiti and Afghanistan as only signatories to the agreement that have failed to ratify treaty.

=== '''Strengths''' ===
Firstly, it obligates the Parties, irrespective of their status (e.g., State of Export, Import, Transit, flag or port State), to prohibit or not permit the export of hazardous and other wastes to parties, which have prohibited the import of such wastes. (Alam). Basel Convention is environmentally sound management, which means taking all practicable steps to ensure protection of human health and the environment. (Alam). Basel Convention defines “illegal traffic” of hazardous wastes and makes it a criminal act. (Alam). Basel Convention's 7th Conference of Parties has recognised that end-oflife vessels containing PCBs, asbestos, heavy metals and other hazardous substances should be legally defined as hazardous wastes in international law. (Alam). Therefore, ships containing such hazardous constituents and destined for ship breaking should be defined as hazardous wastes. This is a significant area of reform for the Basel Convention which requires clarification. (Alam). failure to prescribe a process by which to ascertain the information has meant that assessment is reliant on representations made by authorities in the importing state. This is problematic where lack of capacity and endemic corruption are regularly encountered. (Alam). The Basel Ban Amendment64 prohibits all hazardous wastes from being transported from OECD nations to non-OECD nations. (Alam). The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (34 countries founded in 1961) http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/list-oecd-member-countries.htm. (Alam). establishes a total ban on exports of hazardous wastes from OECD and EC countries to developing countries. Fulfills the purpose of the convention, namely, “to prevent the developed nations from ‘dumping’ on the developing nations. (Alam)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
ambiguities in the Convention. Arts. 4.1 and 6 of the Basel Convention stipulates that no shipment of waste should take place without all “States Concerned” being informed and consented. (Alam). It is well known that this requirement can be circumvented by unscrupulous waste ship traders by declaring a ship to be waste only after it is in international waters or already at the shipbreaking state. (Alam). The “prior informed consent” (PIC) mechanism requires that the state of export informs an importing state of any transfer, detailing accurately the nature and volume of the waste, and receives written consent from the state of import. (Alam). Violations have shown, however, that exporting parties frequently misrepresent the nature of the waste involved. (Alam). Abidjan disaster the waste concerned was described as ‘routine slops’, the dirty water from washing naval tanks, but was revealed to actually be a mixture of fuels, caustic soda and over two tonnes of hydrogen sulphide. (Alam). This lack of technical capacity has meant that importing states are often unable to ascertain whether the information provided is indeed correct. (Alam). The difficulties are further exacerbated by the fact that the Convention offers no explanation of ‘environmentally sound management’ beyond, ‘taking all practicable steps to ensure that hazardous wastes or other wastes are managed in a manner which will protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects which may result from such wastes’. 53 Exactly what is required then is subject to interpretation and conjecture. (Alam). This limitation has resulted in what is termed the ‘recycling loophole’. 59 It is argued that most waste transfers claimed to be for reuse or reclamation are either ‘sham recycling’, where future use is fabricated to disguise the fact that the waste is actually bound for dumping or ‘dirty recycling’, where the recycling process itself is harmful to the environment and human health. (Alam). Amendment struggles to take significant effect, as participation in ratifying the amendment is low and it has not entered into force yet. (Alam). no direct legal ban on the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes from developed to developing countries. (Alam). Basel Convention- Minimize amount and hazard level of wastes generated worldwide, where generation of hazardous waste is unavoidable such wastes should be disposed of as close to source of generation as possible, stresses environmentally sound management and disposal of hazardous wastes (last point is vague in the treaty, not enforceable or accountable). (Dodds). Basel Convention-failed to create fund to minimize damage from international hazardous wastes, did not prohibit transfer of hazardous waste but rather facilitated movement to countries with developing economies. (Dodds). Basel Convention totally exempts bilateral and multilateral agreements with nonparty countries(nonmember countries, US, and member countries, India, to enter into contracts for disposal of waste). (Dodds). 1989 Basel Convention not entirely adequate to challenge all risks and problems arising from ship recycling facilities. (Chang). Basel convention does not indicate detailed rules for the recycling process, because of this the IMO took ship recycling and its environmental impact onto its agenda. (Chang)
== '''Miscellaneous Conventions''' ==
The Law of the Sea Convention 1982 contains obligations of the states concerning land-based environmental pollution of the sea; most important the obligations contained in Articles 192 and 194. According to Article 192, ‘states have the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment’. Furthermore, states shall according to Article 194 ‘take […] measures […] to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment’. Bangladesh ratified this Convention in 2001
The Stockholm Convention can be relevant when considering Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) such as PCBs; a pervasive substance in many ships
International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling Systems on Ships 2001. It prohibits the use of anti-fouling systems that burdens the environment. Anti-fouling systems that use organotin compounds have to have an additional layer as a barrier to prevent the harmful substances from being released to the environment.
substandard beaching yards the anti-fouling paint usually does not get removed professionally, but simply gets scaped off and released to the environment.
damaging not only to the workers, but also to the coastal ecosystem.
The requirement of over-coating worsens the problem because it makes it more difficult to remove the harmful bottom layer of paint.
IMO dedicated legislator of global shipping industry since maritime catastrophes in 1960’s. (Chang)
In addition, joint efforts with the IMO, the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Conference of Parties to the 1989 Basel Convention were also made to establish a Joint Working Group on Ship Scrapping. (Chang)
Since decision making process within IMO (International Maritime Organization) is base on principle of state sovereignty, state members are free to enter any IMO Convention. (Gipperth)
== '''Green Ship Countries'''==
[[Green Ships:Green Ship Countries|Green Ship Countries]]

== '''References'''==

Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations

2015-06-08T19:15:31Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Weaknesses */

== '''Hong Kong Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
Of all the conventions in effect, the Hong Kong Convention is the more recent Convention, as well as [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|the IMO in works with Bangladesh]], to actively seek more clear and stricter guidelines regarding occupational safety and environmental concerns in ship recycling. The Hong Kong Convention has been adopted under the auspices of the IMO in 2009 after more than five years of negotiations, and is expected to enter into force in 2015. (Alam). The original framework of the Hong Kong convention was very vague and allowed for many countries to slip through the cracks in order to avoid the environmental safety guidelines. The aim of the Convention is to provide regulations for the design, construction, operation and preparation of ships so as to facilitate safe and environmentally sound recycling. (Alam). Clear and concise protocol will enable the countries under the Hong Kong Convention to protect their environment and safety of workers, but also the required accountability leaves no room for liberation from the law, including legislators that may benefit from abusing their role in hopes of personal gain. The Convention requires all vessels to carry detailed, regularly updated inventories of hazardous materials throughout their years of service. (Alam)

=== '''Strengths''' ===
Though the Hong Kong Convention has come under much scrutiny for its obscure guidelines, it holds ship owners accountable for hazardous material upon each ship. The Convention requires all vessels to carry detailed, regularly updated inventories of hazardous materials throughout their years of service. (Alam). In addition to holding ship owners responsible for hazardous material on the vessels, the inventory of hazardous material protects the ship-recycling workers and their communities once the ship is no longer usable. Ships to be sent for recycling will have to meet certification standards, including carrying out an inventory of hazardous materials, specific to each ship.(Alam). In order to properly ensure obedience with the policies and inhibit potential loopholes, the ships are required to meet and undergo surveys to secure compliance. Ships will have to have an initial survey to verify the inventory of hazardous materials, surveys during the life of the ship, and a final survey prior to recycling, (Alam). In holding ship owners accountable, there is also a necessity to assure conformity to protect the environment and ship recycling workers. Ship recycling yards must be authorised, and will be required to provide a ‘Ship Recycling Plan’, to specify the manner in which each ship will be recycled, depending on its particulars and its inventory. (Alam). Many conventions were developed as a tertiary prevention approach to ship recycling, protecting the environment and its workers, few conventions have turned their efforts to focus on primary or secondary prevention methods. This Convention tries to cover all aspects of a ship's life (described by Bhattacharjee as ‘the cradle-to-grave-approach. (Alam). Concentrating on primary prevention attempts will potentially diminish means of escape and the use of toxic materials as the construction of the ships will require "green" friendly materials. The Convention addresses the crucial issue of ‘green ship building and design’ which neither the Basel Convention nor any other international treaties directly addresses. (Alam). The Hong Kong Convention was put into effect much later than the Basel Convention, though it has acknowledged it's weaknesses and attempted to reconstruct its guidelines to certify complete compliance and environmental conservation and human safety. In May 2009, the Hong Kong International Convention for Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships was adopted. (Chang). The concentration and recognition of likely harms faced in the ship recycling industry lacks focus and attention by other conventions. The Hong Kong Convention is aimed at ensuring ships when recycled after reaching end of operational lives do not pose unnecessary risk to human health and safety or to the environment (Chang). Other conventions allow leniency to visiting ships operating through other parties, enabling them to slip through the cracks through other countries not operating or operating under less restricted policies. The Hong Kong Convention applies to: ships entitled to fly the flag of a Party or operating under its authority and ship-recycling facilities operating under the jurisdiction of a Party (Chang).

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
Although the Hong Kong Convention can be seen as a more strict amendment to the Basel Convention, it lacks methods guiding the aftermath or processes once the ship has been recycled. Arguably, this is a substantial improvement on the approach of the Basel Convention, though ‘the 2009 Hong Kong Convention itself does not introduce a compulsory and environmentally sound ship recycling method. (Alam). The conventions efforts to seal loopholes and account for all vessels creation through recycling, it does not include all parties utilizing vessels. Furthermore it fails to adequately address ‘final management of waste’, and it has multiple exclusions such as ‘warships, naval auxiliary ships or other ships owned or operated by a Party and used only on governmental, non-commercial service. (Alam).The Hong Kong Conventions aim at primary prevention is extraordinarily beneficial but the vast majority of ships currently in use should also be addressed as their average lifetime of 20 years is a lengthy amount of time to go ignored and harm workers and the environment. However, the newly adopted Convention has been criticised as it does not impose substantial obligations on shipbreaking countries or ship owners to improve the present conditions and it fails to demand decontamination of ships within developed countries prior to the final export. (Alam). The green and environmentally safe development of ships the Convention demands will be extensive, though it is the recycling industries that will require the most improvement and restoration added to their already weak and poor financial status and processes. It seems to shift the responsibility of polluters to the victims by concentrating only on downstream environmentally sound management of ship dismantling whilst ignoring the realities of the true capacity of developing countries to adhere to such obligations. (Alam). [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Developing countries]] are vulnerable to ship breaking, as the recycled components and steel obtained from the recycling process is much more than they could afford. In addition of rich countries already taking advantage of poor country's poor financial stability, through this convention we are then asking them to implement and extensively renovate their processes by reason of expensive reconstruction. As shipbreaking is primarily conducted in developing countries—those with the lowest capacity—the Convention's focus on these countries undermines the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. (Alam). The Convention also does not entirely ban the practices of dismantling ships on beaches. In fact, the IMO Ship Recycling Convention is much weaker than the Basel Convention. (Alam). The ratification by the primary ship recycling countries will be difficult as some country's legislators do not view beached ships for recycling without official approval as a legitimate industry. The ultimate difficulty with the Hong Kong Convention relates to its enforcement, for example, it requires ‘the signature of the five main ship recycling States, including Bangladesh, China, India, Pakistan and Turkey. (Alam). Though the developing country's legislators do not perceive ship breaking as a formal industry, they do not refuse the parts obtained through ship recycling. However, domestic law enforcement in Bangladesh is hampered by the lack of recognition of shipbreaking as a formal industry. (Alam)

== '''AFS Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
In 2001, the IMO (International Maritime Organization) met and create the AFS (Anti-Fouling Systems) Convention in response to the harmful effects contributed by the use of anti-fouling systems. According to the AFS Convention, it entered the force and became binding on the parties one year after 25 states, representing 25% of the world’s merchant shipping tonnage, have ratified it. (Gipperth). The Convention was adopted in 2001 and obtained its final signature in September 2007 by Panama and became the 25th state (out of 166 IMO member countries) to ratify the convention. One of the major benefits of the AFS Convention is its adequate percentage of the world's shipping inclusions. These 25 countries represent 38.09% of worlds merchant shipping tonnage, convention entered force September 2008. (Gipperth)

=== '''Strengths''' ===
The IMO adopted the AFS Convention to address the harmful effects caused by anti-fouling systems, primarily toxic based paints such as TBT. The AFS Convention prohibited all use of TBT based antifouling paints in 2008. (Stichnothe)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
The prohibited use of TBT based paints forced ship owners and ship workers to recognize the dangers associated with TBT based paints. Due to entering into force of AFS convention on September 2008, huge amount of TBT containing wastes is expected to be produced, near shipyards, in following months. (Stichnothe). The immediate fear of handling or being near ships coated in TBT based paints likely caused ship works and ship owners to use unsafe methods such as scraping to remove the TBT from the ships, in turn, harming the surrounding marine life and the workers as they might inhale the paint particles.

== '''European Commission''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
The main aim of the regulation is that European ships have to be dismantled in safe and environmentally sound facilities. (Alam). According to the Regulation, all waste, including end-of-life ships and vessels, destined for disposal is subject to the requirement of prior notification. (Alam).

=== '''Strengths''' ===
In March 2012, the European Commission adopted a proposal for new regulation on ship recycling, which has been approved by the European Parliament in April 2013. (Alam). The proposal aims to implement the Basel Convention and an Amendment to the Convention (the ‘Ban Amendment’), which has not yet entered into force. (Alam). European ships are only allowed to be recycled in facilities that are registered in a European list of recycling facilities (apply for inclusion with evidence that they meet stipulated requirements) (Alam)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
== '''Basel Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
The Basel Convention remains the principal international legal instrument of regulation on the shipbreaking industry. (Alam). The main purpose of the Basel Convention is to ensure that parties take responsibility for their own hazardous waste, establish hazardous waste disposal facilities (including recycling) within their territory, minimise the generation and transboundary movement of hazardous waste, and ensure that they do not export the hazards and damage to human health and the environment, to other countries. (Alam). The European Waste Shipment Regulation 259/93/EEC determines which procedures to apply before waste can be shipped within, into and out of the European Community.26 The Regulation is largely based on the Basel Convention. (Alam). In most cases, ships exported for shipbreaking are a clear violation of these objectives. (Alam). United States dominated many of original Basel Convention negotiations, failed to ratify agreement, joining Haiti and Afghanistan as only signatories to the agreement that have failed to ratify treaty.

=== '''Strengths''' ===
Firstly, it obligates the Parties, irrespective of their status (e.g., State of Export, Import, Transit, flag or port State), to prohibit or not permit the export of hazardous and other wastes to parties, which have prohibited the import of such wastes. (Alam). Basel Convention is environmentally sound management, which means taking all practicable steps to ensure protection of human health and the environment. (Alam). Basel Convention defines “illegal traffic” of hazardous wastes and makes it a criminal act. (Alam). Basel Convention's 7th Conference of Parties has recognised that end-oflife vessels containing PCBs, asbestos, heavy metals and other hazardous substances should be legally defined as hazardous wastes in international law. (Alam). Therefore, ships containing such hazardous constituents and destined for ship breaking should be defined as hazardous wastes. This is a significant area of reform for the Basel Convention which requires clarification. (Alam). failure to prescribe a process by which to ascertain the information has meant that assessment is reliant on representations made by authorities in the importing state. This is problematic where lack of capacity and endemic corruption are regularly encountered. (Alam). The Basel Ban Amendment64 prohibits all hazardous wastes from being transported from OECD nations to non-OECD nations. (Alam). The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (34 countries founded in 1961) http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/list-oecd-member-countries.htm. (Alam). establishes a total ban on exports of hazardous wastes from OECD and EC countries to developing countries. Fulfills the purpose of the convention, namely, “to prevent the developed nations from ‘dumping’ on the developing nations. (Alam)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
ambiguities in the Convention. Arts. 4.1 and 6 of the Basel Convention stipulates that no shipment of waste should take place without all “States Concerned” being informed and consented. (Alam). It is well known that this requirement can be circumvented by unscrupulous waste ship traders by declaring a ship to be waste only after it is in international waters or already at the shipbreaking state. (Alam). The “prior informed consent” (PIC) mechanism requires that the state of export informs an importing state of any transfer, detailing accurately the nature and volume of the waste, and receives written consent from the state of import. (Alam). Violations have shown, however, that exporting parties frequently misrepresent the nature of the waste involved. (Alam). Abidjan disaster the waste concerned was described as ‘routine slops’, the dirty water from washing naval tanks, but was revealed to actually be a mixture of fuels, caustic soda and over two tonnes of hydrogen sulphide. (Alam). This lack of technical capacity has meant that importing states are often unable to ascertain whether the information provided is indeed correct. (Alam). The difficulties are further exacerbated by the fact that the Convention offers no explanation of ‘environmentally sound management’ beyond, ‘taking all practicable steps to ensure that hazardous wastes or other wastes are managed in a manner which will protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects which may result from such wastes’. 53 Exactly what is required then is subject to interpretation and conjecture. (Alam). This limitation has resulted in what is termed the ‘recycling loophole’. 59 It is argued that most waste transfers claimed to be for reuse or reclamation are either ‘sham recycling’, where future use is fabricated to disguise the fact that the waste is actually bound for dumping or ‘dirty recycling’, where the recycling process itself is harmful to the environment and human health. (Alam). Amendment struggles to take significant effect, as participation in ratifying the amendment is low and it has not entered into force yet. (Alam). no direct legal ban on the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes from developed to developing countries. (Alam). Basel Convention- Minimize amount and hazard level of wastes generated worldwide, where generation of hazardous waste is unavoidable such wastes should be disposed of as close to source of generation as possible, stresses environmentally sound management and disposal of hazardous wastes (last point is vague in the treaty, not enforceable or accountable). (Dodds). Basel Convention-failed to create fund to minimize damage from international hazardous wastes, did not prohibit transfer of hazardous waste but rather facilitated movement to countries with developing economies. (Dodds). Basel Convention totally exempts bilateral and multilateral agreements with nonparty countries(nonmember countries, US, and member countries, India, to enter into contracts for disposal of waste). (Dodds). 1989 Basel Convention not entirely adequate to challenge all risks and problems arising from ship recycling facilities. (Chang). Basel convention does not indicate detailed rules for the recycling process, because of this the IMO took ship recycling and its environmental impact onto its agenda. (Chang)
== '''Miscellaneous Conventions''' ==
The Law of the Sea Convention 1982 contains obligations of the states concerning land-based environmental pollution of the sea; most important the obligations contained in Articles 192 and 194. According to Article 192, ‘states have the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment’. Furthermore, states shall according to Article 194 ‘take […] measures […] to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment’. Bangladesh ratified this Convention in 2001
The Stockholm Convention can be relevant when considering Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) such as PCBs; a pervasive substance in many ships
International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling Systems on Ships 2001. It prohibits the use of anti-fouling systems that burdens the environment. Anti-fouling systems that use organotin compounds have to have an additional layer as a barrier to prevent the harmful substances from being released to the environment.
substandard beaching yards the anti-fouling paint usually does not get removed professionally, but simply gets scaped off and released to the environment.
damaging not only to the workers, but also to the coastal ecosystem.
The requirement of over-coating worsens the problem because it makes it more difficult to remove the harmful bottom layer of paint.
IMO dedicated legislator of global shipping industry since maritime catastrophes in 1960’s. (Chang)
In addition, joint efforts with the IMO, the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Conference of Parties to the 1989 Basel Convention were also made to establish a Joint Working Group on Ship Scrapping. (Chang)
Since decision making process within IMO (International Maritime Organization) is base on principle of state sovereignty, state members are free to enter any IMO Convention. (Gipperth)
== '''Green Ship Countries'''==
[[Green Ships:Green Ship Countries|Green Ship Countries]]

== '''References'''==

Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations

2015-06-08T19:09:32Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Strengths */

== '''Hong Kong Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
Of all the conventions in effect, the Hong Kong Convention is the more recent Convention, as well as [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|the IMO in works with Bangladesh]], to actively seek more clear and stricter guidelines regarding occupational safety and environmental concerns in ship recycling. The Hong Kong Convention has been adopted under the auspices of the IMO in 2009 after more than five years of negotiations, and is expected to enter into force in 2015. (Alam). The original framework of the Hong Kong convention was very vague and allowed for many countries to slip through the cracks in order to avoid the environmental safety guidelines. The aim of the Convention is to provide regulations for the design, construction, operation and preparation of ships so as to facilitate safe and environmentally sound recycling. (Alam). Clear and concise protocol will enable the countries under the Hong Kong Convention to protect their environment and safety of workers, but also the required accountability leaves no room for liberation from the law, including legislators that may benefit from abusing their role in hopes of personal gain. The Convention requires all vessels to carry detailed, regularly updated inventories of hazardous materials throughout their years of service. (Alam)

=== '''Strengths''' ===
Though the Hong Kong Convention has come under much scrutiny for its obscure guidelines, it holds ship owners accountable for hazardous material upon each ship. The Convention requires all vessels to carry detailed, regularly updated inventories of hazardous materials throughout their years of service. (Alam). In addition to holding ship owners responsible for hazardous material on the vessels, the inventory of hazardous material protects the ship-recycling workers and their communities once the ship is no longer usable. Ships to be sent for recycling will have to meet certification standards, including carrying out an inventory of hazardous materials, specific to each ship.(Alam). In order to properly ensure obedience with the policies and inhibit potential loopholes, the ships are required to meet and undergo surveys to secure compliance. Ships will have to have an initial survey to verify the inventory of hazardous materials, surveys during the life of the ship, and a final survey prior to recycling, (Alam). In holding ship owners accountable, there is also a necessity to assure conformity to protect the environment and ship recycling workers. Ship recycling yards must be authorised, and will be required to provide a ‘Ship Recycling Plan’, to specify the manner in which each ship will be recycled, depending on its particulars and its inventory. (Alam). Many conventions were developed as a tertiary prevention approach to ship recycling, protecting the environment and its workers, few conventions have turned their efforts to focus on primary or secondary prevention methods. This Convention tries to cover all aspects of a ship's life (described by Bhattacharjee as ‘the cradle-to-grave-approach. (Alam). Concentrating on primary prevention attempts will potentially diminish means of escape and the use of toxic materials as the construction of the ships will require "green" friendly materials. The Convention addresses the crucial issue of ‘green ship building and design’ which neither the Basel Convention nor any other international treaties directly addresses. (Alam). The Hong Kong Convention was put into effect much later than the Basel Convention, though it has acknowledged it's weaknesses and attempted to reconstruct its guidelines to certify complete compliance and environmental conservation and human safety. In May 2009, the Hong Kong International Convention for Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships was adopted. (Chang). The concentration and recognition of likely harms faced in the ship recycling industry lacks focus and attention by other conventions. The Hong Kong Convention is aimed at ensuring ships when recycled after reaching end of operational lives do not pose unnecessary risk to human health and safety or to the environment (Chang). Other conventions allow leniency to visiting ships operating through other parties, enabling them to slip through the cracks through other countries not operating or operating under less restricted policies. The Hong Kong Convention applies to: ships entitled to fly the flag of a Party or operating under its authority and ship-recycling facilities operating under the jurisdiction of a Party (Chang).

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
Although the Hong Kong Convention can be seen as a more strict amendment to the Basel Convention, it lacks methods guiding the aftermath or processes once the ship has been recycled. Arguably, this is a substantial improvement on the approach of the Basel Convention, though ‘the 2009 Hong Kong Convention itself does not introduce a compulsory and environmentally sound ship recycling method. (Alam). The conventions efforts to seal loopholes and account for all vessels creation through recycling, it does not include all parties utilizing vessels. Furthermore it fails to adequately address ‘final management of waste’, and it has multiple exclusions such as ‘warships, naval auxiliary ships or other ships owned or operated by a Party and used only on governmental, non-commercial service. (Alam).The Hong Kong Conventions aim at primary prevention is extraordinarily beneficial but the vast majority of ships currently in use should also be addressed as their average lifetime of 20 years is a lengthy amount of time to go ignored and harm workers and the environment. However, the newly adopted Convention has been criticised as it does not impose substantial obligations on shipbreaking countries or ship owners to improve the present conditions and it fails to demand decontamination of ships within developed countries prior to the final export. (Alam). The green and environmentally safe development of ships the Convention demands will be extensive, though it is the recycling industries that will require the most improvement and restoration added to their already weak and poor financial status and processes. It seems to shift the responsibility of polluters to the victims by concentrating only on downstream environmentally sound management of ship dismantling whilst ignoring the realities of the true capacity of developing countries to adhere to such obligations. (Alam). [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Developing countries]] are vulnerable to ship breaking, as the recycled components and steel obtained from the recycling process is much more than they could afford. In addition of rich countries already taking advantage of poor country's poor financial stability, through this convention we are then asking them to implement and extensively renovate their processes by reason of expensive reconstruction. As shipbreaking is primarily conducted in developing countries—those with the lowest capacity—the Convention's focus on these countries undermines the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. (Alam). The Convention also does not entirely ban the practices of dismantling ships on beaches. In fact, the IMO Ship Recycling Convention is much weaker than the Basel Convention. (Alam). The ratification by the primary ship recycling countries will be difficult as some country's legislators do not view beached ships for recycling without official approval as a legitimate industry. The ultimate difficulty with the Hong Kong Convention relates to its enforcement, for example, it requires ‘the signature of the five main ship recycling States, including Bangladesh, China, India, Pakistan and Turkey. (Alam). Though the developing country's legislators do not perceive ship breaking as a formal industry, they do not refuse the parts obtained through ship recycling. However, domestic law enforcement in Bangladesh is hampered by the lack of recognition of shipbreaking as a formal industry. (Alam)

== '''AFS Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
In 2001, the IMO (International Maritime Organization) met and create the AFS (Anti-Fouling Systems) Convention in response to the harmful effects contributed by the use of anti-fouling systems. According to the AFS Convention, it entered the force and became binding on the parties one year after 25 states, representing 25% of the world’s merchant shipping tonnage, have ratified it. (Gipperth). The Convention was adopted in 2001 and obtained its final signature in September 2007 by Panama and became the 25th state (out of 166 IMO member countries) to ratify the convention. One of the major benefits of the AFS Convention is its adequate percentage of the world's shipping inclusions. These 25 countries represent 38.09% of worlds merchant shipping tonnage, convention entered force September 2008. (Gipperth)

=== '''Strengths''' ===
The IMO adopted the AFS Convention to address the harmful effects caused by anti-fouling systems, primarily toxic based paints such as TBT. The AFS Convention prohibited all use of TBT based antifouling paints in 2008. (Stichnothe)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
Due to entering into force of AFS convention on September 2008, huge amount of TBT containing wastes is expected to be produced, near shipyards, in following months. (Stichnothe)

== '''European Commission''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
The main aim of the regulation is that European ships have to be dismantled in safe and environmentally sound facilities. (Alam). According to the Regulation, all waste, including end-of-life ships and vessels, destined for disposal is subject to the requirement of prior notification. (Alam).

=== '''Strengths''' ===
In March 2012, the European Commission adopted a proposal for new regulation on ship recycling, which has been approved by the European Parliament in April 2013. (Alam). The proposal aims to implement the Basel Convention and an Amendment to the Convention (the ‘Ban Amendment’), which has not yet entered into force. (Alam). European ships are only allowed to be recycled in facilities that are registered in a European list of recycling facilities (apply for inclusion with evidence that they meet stipulated requirements) (Alam)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
== '''Basel Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
The Basel Convention remains the principal international legal instrument of regulation on the shipbreaking industry. (Alam). The main purpose of the Basel Convention is to ensure that parties take responsibility for their own hazardous waste, establish hazardous waste disposal facilities (including recycling) within their territory, minimise the generation and transboundary movement of hazardous waste, and ensure that they do not export the hazards and damage to human health and the environment, to other countries. (Alam). The European Waste Shipment Regulation 259/93/EEC determines which procedures to apply before waste can be shipped within, into and out of the European Community.26 The Regulation is largely based on the Basel Convention. (Alam). In most cases, ships exported for shipbreaking are a clear violation of these objectives. (Alam). United States dominated many of original Basel Convention negotiations, failed to ratify agreement, joining Haiti and Afghanistan as only signatories to the agreement that have failed to ratify treaty.

=== '''Strengths''' ===
Firstly, it obligates the Parties, irrespective of their status (e.g., State of Export, Import, Transit, flag or port State), to prohibit or not permit the export of hazardous and other wastes to parties, which have prohibited the import of such wastes. (Alam). Basel Convention is environmentally sound management, which means taking all practicable steps to ensure protection of human health and the environment. (Alam). Basel Convention defines “illegal traffic” of hazardous wastes and makes it a criminal act. (Alam). Basel Convention's 7th Conference of Parties has recognised that end-oflife vessels containing PCBs, asbestos, heavy metals and other hazardous substances should be legally defined as hazardous wastes in international law. (Alam). Therefore, ships containing such hazardous constituents and destined for ship breaking should be defined as hazardous wastes. This is a significant area of reform for the Basel Convention which requires clarification. (Alam). failure to prescribe a process by which to ascertain the information has meant that assessment is reliant on representations made by authorities in the importing state. This is problematic where lack of capacity and endemic corruption are regularly encountered. (Alam). The Basel Ban Amendment64 prohibits all hazardous wastes from being transported from OECD nations to non-OECD nations. (Alam). The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (34 countries founded in 1961) http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/list-oecd-member-countries.htm. (Alam). establishes a total ban on exports of hazardous wastes from OECD and EC countries to developing countries. Fulfills the purpose of the convention, namely, “to prevent the developed nations from ‘dumping’ on the developing nations. (Alam)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
ambiguities in the Convention. Arts. 4.1 and 6 of the Basel Convention stipulates that no shipment of waste should take place without all “States Concerned” being informed and consented. (Alam). It is well known that this requirement can be circumvented by unscrupulous waste ship traders by declaring a ship to be waste only after it is in international waters or already at the shipbreaking state. (Alam). The “prior informed consent” (PIC) mechanism requires that the state of export informs an importing state of any transfer, detailing accurately the nature and volume of the waste, and receives written consent from the state of import. (Alam). Violations have shown, however, that exporting parties frequently misrepresent the nature of the waste involved. (Alam). Abidjan disaster the waste concerned was described as ‘routine slops’, the dirty water from washing naval tanks, but was revealed to actually be a mixture of fuels, caustic soda and over two tonnes of hydrogen sulphide. (Alam). This lack of technical capacity has meant that importing states are often unable to ascertain whether the information provided is indeed correct. (Alam). The difficulties are further exacerbated by the fact that the Convention offers no explanation of ‘environmentally sound management’ beyond, ‘taking all practicable steps to ensure that hazardous wastes or other wastes are managed in a manner which will protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects which may result from such wastes’. 53 Exactly what is required then is subject to interpretation and conjecture. (Alam). This limitation has resulted in what is termed the ‘recycling loophole’. 59 It is argued that most waste transfers claimed to be for reuse or reclamation are either ‘sham recycling’, where future use is fabricated to disguise the fact that the waste is actually bound for dumping or ‘dirty recycling’, where the recycling process itself is harmful to the environment and human health. (Alam). Amendment struggles to take significant effect, as participation in ratifying the amendment is low and it has not entered into force yet. (Alam). no direct legal ban on the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes from developed to developing countries. (Alam). Basel Convention- Minimize amount and hazard level of wastes generated worldwide, where generation of hazardous waste is unavoidable such wastes should be disposed of as close to source of generation as possible, stresses environmentally sound management and disposal of hazardous wastes (last point is vague in the treaty, not enforceable or accountable). (Dodds). Basel Convention-failed to create fund to minimize damage from international hazardous wastes, did not prohibit transfer of hazardous waste but rather facilitated movement to countries with developing economies. (Dodds). Basel Convention totally exempts bilateral and multilateral agreements with nonparty countries(nonmember countries, US, and member countries, India, to enter into contracts for disposal of waste). (Dodds). 1989 Basel Convention not entirely adequate to challenge all risks and problems arising from ship recycling facilities. (Chang). Basel convention does not indicate detailed rules for the recycling process, because of this the IMO took ship recycling and its environmental impact onto its agenda. (Chang)
== '''Miscellaneous Conventions''' ==
The Law of the Sea Convention 1982 contains obligations of the states concerning land-based environmental pollution of the sea; most important the obligations contained in Articles 192 and 194. According to Article 192, ‘states have the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment’. Furthermore, states shall according to Article 194 ‘take […] measures […] to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment’. Bangladesh ratified this Convention in 2001
The Stockholm Convention can be relevant when considering Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) such as PCBs; a pervasive substance in many ships
International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling Systems on Ships 2001. It prohibits the use of anti-fouling systems that burdens the environment. Anti-fouling systems that use organotin compounds have to have an additional layer as a barrier to prevent the harmful substances from being released to the environment.
substandard beaching yards the anti-fouling paint usually does not get removed professionally, but simply gets scaped off and released to the environment.
damaging not only to the workers, but also to the coastal ecosystem.
The requirement of over-coating worsens the problem because it makes it more difficult to remove the harmful bottom layer of paint.
IMO dedicated legislator of global shipping industry since maritime catastrophes in 1960’s. (Chang)
In addition, joint efforts with the IMO, the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Conference of Parties to the 1989 Basel Convention were also made to establish a Joint Working Group on Ship Scrapping. (Chang)
Since decision making process within IMO (International Maritime Organization) is base on principle of state sovereignty, state members are free to enter any IMO Convention. (Gipperth)
== '''Green Ship Countries'''==
[[Green Ships:Green Ship Countries|Green Ship Countries]]

== '''References'''==

Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations

2015-06-08T19:07:49Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Summary */

== '''Hong Kong Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
Of all the conventions in effect, the Hong Kong Convention is the more recent Convention, as well as [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|the IMO in works with Bangladesh]], to actively seek more clear and stricter guidelines regarding occupational safety and environmental concerns in ship recycling. The Hong Kong Convention has been adopted under the auspices of the IMO in 2009 after more than five years of negotiations, and is expected to enter into force in 2015. (Alam). The original framework of the Hong Kong convention was very vague and allowed for many countries to slip through the cracks in order to avoid the environmental safety guidelines. The aim of the Convention is to provide regulations for the design, construction, operation and preparation of ships so as to facilitate safe and environmentally sound recycling. (Alam). Clear and concise protocol will enable the countries under the Hong Kong Convention to protect their environment and safety of workers, but also the required accountability leaves no room for liberation from the law, including legislators that may benefit from abusing their role in hopes of personal gain. The Convention requires all vessels to carry detailed, regularly updated inventories of hazardous materials throughout their years of service. (Alam)

=== '''Strengths''' ===
Though the Hong Kong Convention has come under much scrutiny for its obscure guidelines, it holds ship owners accountable for hazardous material upon each ship. The Convention requires all vessels to carry detailed, regularly updated inventories of hazardous materials throughout their years of service. (Alam). In addition to holding ship owners responsible for hazardous material on the vessels, the inventory of hazardous material protects the ship-recycling workers and their communities once the ship is no longer usable. Ships to be sent for recycling will have to meet certification standards, including carrying out an inventory of hazardous materials, specific to each ship.(Alam). In order to properly ensure obedience with the policies and inhibit potential loopholes, the ships are required to meet and undergo surveys to secure compliance. Ships will have to have an initial survey to verify the inventory of hazardous materials, surveys during the life of the ship, and a final survey prior to recycling, (Alam). In holding ship owners accountable, there is also a necessity to assure conformity to protect the environment and ship recycling workers. Ship recycling yards must be authorised, and will be required to provide a ‘Ship Recycling Plan’, to specify the manner in which each ship will be recycled, depending on its particulars and its inventory. (Alam). Many conventions were developed as a tertiary prevention approach to ship recycling, protecting the environment and its workers, few conventions have turned their efforts to focus on primary or secondary prevention methods. This Convention tries to cover all aspects of a ship's life (described by Bhattacharjee as ‘the cradle-to-grave-approach. (Alam). Concentrating on primary prevention attempts will potentially diminish means of escape and the use of toxic materials as the construction of the ships will require "green" friendly materials. The Convention addresses the crucial issue of ‘green ship building and design’ which neither the Basel Convention nor any other international treaties directly addresses. (Alam). The Hong Kong Convention was put into effect much later than the Basel Convention, though it has acknowledged it's weaknesses and attempted to reconstruct its guidelines to certify complete compliance and environmental conservation and human safety. In May 2009, the Hong Kong International Convention for Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships was adopted. (Chang). The concentration and recognition of likely harms faced in the ship recycling industry lacks focus and attention by other conventions. The Hong Kong Convention is aimed at ensuring ships when recycled after reaching end of operational lives do not pose unnecessary risk to human health and safety or to the environment (Chang). Other conventions allow leniency to visiting ships operating through other parties, enabling them to slip through the cracks through other countries not operating or operating under less restricted policies. The Hong Kong Convention applies to: ships entitled to fly the flag of a Party or operating under its authority and ship-recycling facilities operating under the jurisdiction of a Party (Chang).

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
Although the Hong Kong Convention can be seen as a more strict amendment to the Basel Convention, it lacks methods guiding the aftermath or processes once the ship has been recycled. Arguably, this is a substantial improvement on the approach of the Basel Convention, though ‘the 2009 Hong Kong Convention itself does not introduce a compulsory and environmentally sound ship recycling method. (Alam). The conventions efforts to seal loopholes and account for all vessels creation through recycling, it does not include all parties utilizing vessels. Furthermore it fails to adequately address ‘final management of waste’, and it has multiple exclusions such as ‘warships, naval auxiliary ships or other ships owned or operated by a Party and used only on governmental, non-commercial service. (Alam).The Hong Kong Conventions aim at primary prevention is extraordinarily beneficial but the vast majority of ships currently in use should also be addressed as their average lifetime of 20 years is a lengthy amount of time to go ignored and harm workers and the environment. However, the newly adopted Convention has been criticised as it does not impose substantial obligations on shipbreaking countries or ship owners to improve the present conditions and it fails to demand decontamination of ships within developed countries prior to the final export. (Alam). The green and environmentally safe development of ships the Convention demands will be extensive, though it is the recycling industries that will require the most improvement and restoration added to their already weak and poor financial status and processes. It seems to shift the responsibility of polluters to the victims by concentrating only on downstream environmentally sound management of ship dismantling whilst ignoring the realities of the true capacity of developing countries to adhere to such obligations. (Alam). [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Developing countries]] are vulnerable to ship breaking, as the recycled components and steel obtained from the recycling process is much more than they could afford. In addition of rich countries already taking advantage of poor country's poor financial stability, through this convention we are then asking them to implement and extensively renovate their processes by reason of expensive reconstruction. As shipbreaking is primarily conducted in developing countries—those with the lowest capacity—the Convention's focus on these countries undermines the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. (Alam). The Convention also does not entirely ban the practices of dismantling ships on beaches. In fact, the IMO Ship Recycling Convention is much weaker than the Basel Convention. (Alam). The ratification by the primary ship recycling countries will be difficult as some country's legislators do not view beached ships for recycling without official approval as a legitimate industry. The ultimate difficulty with the Hong Kong Convention relates to its enforcement, for example, it requires ‘the signature of the five main ship recycling States, including Bangladesh, China, India, Pakistan and Turkey. (Alam). Though the developing country's legislators do not perceive ship breaking as a formal industry, they do not refuse the parts obtained through ship recycling. However, domestic law enforcement in Bangladesh is hampered by the lack of recognition of shipbreaking as a formal industry. (Alam)

== '''AFS Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
In 2001, the IMO (International Maritime Organization) met and create the AFS (Anti-Fouling Systems) Convention in response to the harmful effects contributed by the use of anti-fouling systems. According to the AFS Convention, it entered the force and became binding on the parties one year after 25 states, representing 25% of the world’s merchant shipping tonnage, have ratified it. (Gipperth). The Convention was adopted in 2001 and obtained its final signature in September 2007 by Panama and became the 25th state (out of 166 IMO member countries) to ratify the convention. One of the major benefits of the AFS Convention is its adequate percentage of the world's shipping inclusions. These 25 countries represent 38.09% of worlds merchant shipping tonnage, convention entered force September 2008. (Gipperth)

=== '''Strengths''' ===
AFS Convention prohibited all use of TBT based antifouling paints in 2008. (Stichnothe)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
Due to entering into force of AFS convention on September 2008, huge amount of TBT containing wastes is expected to be produced, near shipyards, in following months. (Stichnothe)

== '''European Commission''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
The main aim of the regulation is that European ships have to be dismantled in safe and environmentally sound facilities. (Alam). According to the Regulation, all waste, including end-of-life ships and vessels, destined for disposal is subject to the requirement of prior notification. (Alam).

=== '''Strengths''' ===
In March 2012, the European Commission adopted a proposal for new regulation on ship recycling, which has been approved by the European Parliament in April 2013. (Alam). The proposal aims to implement the Basel Convention and an Amendment to the Convention (the ‘Ban Amendment’), which has not yet entered into force. (Alam). European ships are only allowed to be recycled in facilities that are registered in a European list of recycling facilities (apply for inclusion with evidence that they meet stipulated requirements) (Alam)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
== '''Basel Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
The Basel Convention remains the principal international legal instrument of regulation on the shipbreaking industry. (Alam). The main purpose of the Basel Convention is to ensure that parties take responsibility for their own hazardous waste, establish hazardous waste disposal facilities (including recycling) within their territory, minimise the generation and transboundary movement of hazardous waste, and ensure that they do not export the hazards and damage to human health and the environment, to other countries. (Alam). The European Waste Shipment Regulation 259/93/EEC determines which procedures to apply before waste can be shipped within, into and out of the European Community.26 The Regulation is largely based on the Basel Convention. (Alam). In most cases, ships exported for shipbreaking are a clear violation of these objectives. (Alam). United States dominated many of original Basel Convention negotiations, failed to ratify agreement, joining Haiti and Afghanistan as only signatories to the agreement that have failed to ratify treaty.

=== '''Strengths''' ===
Firstly, it obligates the Parties, irrespective of their status (e.g., State of Export, Import, Transit, flag or port State), to prohibit or not permit the export of hazardous and other wastes to parties, which have prohibited the import of such wastes. (Alam). Basel Convention is environmentally sound management, which means taking all practicable steps to ensure protection of human health and the environment. (Alam). Basel Convention defines “illegal traffic” of hazardous wastes and makes it a criminal act. (Alam). Basel Convention's 7th Conference of Parties has recognised that end-oflife vessels containing PCBs, asbestos, heavy metals and other hazardous substances should be legally defined as hazardous wastes in international law. (Alam). Therefore, ships containing such hazardous constituents and destined for ship breaking should be defined as hazardous wastes. This is a significant area of reform for the Basel Convention which requires clarification. (Alam). failure to prescribe a process by which to ascertain the information has meant that assessment is reliant on representations made by authorities in the importing state. This is problematic where lack of capacity and endemic corruption are regularly encountered. (Alam). The Basel Ban Amendment64 prohibits all hazardous wastes from being transported from OECD nations to non-OECD nations. (Alam). The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (34 countries founded in 1961) http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/list-oecd-member-countries.htm. (Alam). establishes a total ban on exports of hazardous wastes from OECD and EC countries to developing countries. Fulfills the purpose of the convention, namely, “to prevent the developed nations from ‘dumping’ on the developing nations. (Alam)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
ambiguities in the Convention. Arts. 4.1 and 6 of the Basel Convention stipulates that no shipment of waste should take place without all “States Concerned” being informed and consented. (Alam). It is well known that this requirement can be circumvented by unscrupulous waste ship traders by declaring a ship to be waste only after it is in international waters or already at the shipbreaking state. (Alam). The “prior informed consent” (PIC) mechanism requires that the state of export informs an importing state of any transfer, detailing accurately the nature and volume of the waste, and receives written consent from the state of import. (Alam). Violations have shown, however, that exporting parties frequently misrepresent the nature of the waste involved. (Alam). Abidjan disaster the waste concerned was described as ‘routine slops’, the dirty water from washing naval tanks, but was revealed to actually be a mixture of fuels, caustic soda and over two tonnes of hydrogen sulphide. (Alam). This lack of technical capacity has meant that importing states are often unable to ascertain whether the information provided is indeed correct. (Alam). The difficulties are further exacerbated by the fact that the Convention offers no explanation of ‘environmentally sound management’ beyond, ‘taking all practicable steps to ensure that hazardous wastes or other wastes are managed in a manner which will protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects which may result from such wastes’. 53 Exactly what is required then is subject to interpretation and conjecture. (Alam). This limitation has resulted in what is termed the ‘recycling loophole’. 59 It is argued that most waste transfers claimed to be for reuse or reclamation are either ‘sham recycling’, where future use is fabricated to disguise the fact that the waste is actually bound for dumping or ‘dirty recycling’, where the recycling process itself is harmful to the environment and human health. (Alam). Amendment struggles to take significant effect, as participation in ratifying the amendment is low and it has not entered into force yet. (Alam). no direct legal ban on the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes from developed to developing countries. (Alam). Basel Convention- Minimize amount and hazard level of wastes generated worldwide, where generation of hazardous waste is unavoidable such wastes should be disposed of as close to source of generation as possible, stresses environmentally sound management and disposal of hazardous wastes (last point is vague in the treaty, not enforceable or accountable). (Dodds). Basel Convention-failed to create fund to minimize damage from international hazardous wastes, did not prohibit transfer of hazardous waste but rather facilitated movement to countries with developing economies. (Dodds). Basel Convention totally exempts bilateral and multilateral agreements with nonparty countries(nonmember countries, US, and member countries, India, to enter into contracts for disposal of waste). (Dodds). 1989 Basel Convention not entirely adequate to challenge all risks and problems arising from ship recycling facilities. (Chang). Basel convention does not indicate detailed rules for the recycling process, because of this the IMO took ship recycling and its environmental impact onto its agenda. (Chang)
== '''Miscellaneous Conventions''' ==
The Law of the Sea Convention 1982 contains obligations of the states concerning land-based environmental pollution of the sea; most important the obligations contained in Articles 192 and 194. According to Article 192, ‘states have the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment’. Furthermore, states shall according to Article 194 ‘take […] measures […] to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment’. Bangladesh ratified this Convention in 2001
The Stockholm Convention can be relevant when considering Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) such as PCBs; a pervasive substance in many ships
International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling Systems on Ships 2001. It prohibits the use of anti-fouling systems that burdens the environment. Anti-fouling systems that use organotin compounds have to have an additional layer as a barrier to prevent the harmful substances from being released to the environment.
substandard beaching yards the anti-fouling paint usually does not get removed professionally, but simply gets scaped off and released to the environment.
damaging not only to the workers, but also to the coastal ecosystem.
The requirement of over-coating worsens the problem because it makes it more difficult to remove the harmful bottom layer of paint.
IMO dedicated legislator of global shipping industry since maritime catastrophes in 1960’s. (Chang)
In addition, joint efforts with the IMO, the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Conference of Parties to the 1989 Basel Convention were also made to establish a Joint Working Group on Ship Scrapping. (Chang)
Since decision making process within IMO (International Maritime Organization) is base on principle of state sovereignty, state members are free to enter any IMO Convention. (Gipperth)
== '''Green Ship Countries'''==
[[Green Ships:Green Ship Countries|Green Ship Countries]]

== '''References'''==

Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations

2015-06-08T18:49:33Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Weaknesses */

== '''Hong Kong Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
Of all the conventions in effect, the Hong Kong Convention is the more recent Convention, as well as [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|the IMO in works with Bangladesh]], to actively seek more clear and stricter guidelines regarding occupational safety and environmental concerns in ship recycling. The Hong Kong Convention has been adopted under the auspices of the IMO in 2009 after more than five years of negotiations, and is expected to enter into force in 2015. (Alam). The original framework of the Hong Kong convention was very vague and allowed for many countries to slip through the cracks in order to avoid the environmental safety guidelines. The aim of the Convention is to provide regulations for the design, construction, operation and preparation of ships so as to facilitate safe and environmentally sound recycling. (Alam). Clear and concise protocol will enable the countries under the Hong Kong Convention to protect their environment and safety of workers, but also the required accountability leaves no room for liberation from the law, including legislators that may benefit from abusing their role in hopes of personal gain. The Convention requires all vessels to carry detailed, regularly updated inventories of hazardous materials throughout their years of service. (Alam)

=== '''Strengths''' ===
Though the Hong Kong Convention has come under much scrutiny for its obscure guidelines, it holds ship owners accountable for hazardous material upon each ship. The Convention requires all vessels to carry detailed, regularly updated inventories of hazardous materials throughout their years of service. (Alam). In addition to holding ship owners responsible for hazardous material on the vessels, the inventory of hazardous material protects the ship-recycling workers and their communities once the ship is no longer usable. Ships to be sent for recycling will have to meet certification standards, including carrying out an inventory of hazardous materials, specific to each ship.(Alam). In order to properly ensure obedience with the policies and inhibit potential loopholes, the ships are required to meet and undergo surveys to secure compliance. Ships will have to have an initial survey to verify the inventory of hazardous materials, surveys during the life of the ship, and a final survey prior to recycling, (Alam). In holding ship owners accountable, there is also a necessity to assure conformity to protect the environment and ship recycling workers. Ship recycling yards must be authorised, and will be required to provide a ‘Ship Recycling Plan’, to specify the manner in which each ship will be recycled, depending on its particulars and its inventory. (Alam). Many conventions were developed as a tertiary prevention approach to ship recycling, protecting the environment and its workers, few conventions have turned their efforts to focus on primary or secondary prevention methods. This Convention tries to cover all aspects of a ship's life (described by Bhattacharjee as ‘the cradle-to-grave-approach. (Alam). Concentrating on primary prevention attempts will potentially diminish means of escape and the use of toxic materials as the construction of the ships will require "green" friendly materials. The Convention addresses the crucial issue of ‘green ship building and design’ which neither the Basel Convention nor any other international treaties directly addresses. (Alam). The Hong Kong Convention was put into effect much later than the Basel Convention, though it has acknowledged it's weaknesses and attempted to reconstruct its guidelines to certify complete compliance and environmental conservation and human safety. In May 2009, the Hong Kong International Convention for Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships was adopted. (Chang). The concentration and recognition of likely harms faced in the ship recycling industry lacks focus and attention by other conventions. The Hong Kong Convention is aimed at ensuring ships when recycled after reaching end of operational lives do not pose unnecessary risk to human health and safety or to the environment (Chang). Other conventions allow leniency to visiting ships operating through other parties, enabling them to slip through the cracks through other countries not operating or operating under less restricted policies. The Hong Kong Convention applies to: ships entitled to fly the flag of a Party or operating under its authority and ship-recycling facilities operating under the jurisdiction of a Party (Chang).

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
Although the Hong Kong Convention can be seen as a more strict amendment to the Basel Convention, it lacks methods guiding the aftermath or processes once the ship has been recycled. Arguably, this is a substantial improvement on the approach of the Basel Convention, though ‘the 2009 Hong Kong Convention itself does not introduce a compulsory and environmentally sound ship recycling method. (Alam). The conventions efforts to seal loopholes and account for all vessels creation through recycling, it does not include all parties utilizing vessels. Furthermore it fails to adequately address ‘final management of waste’, and it has multiple exclusions such as ‘warships, naval auxiliary ships or other ships owned or operated by a Party and used only on governmental, non-commercial service. (Alam).The Hong Kong Conventions aim at primary prevention is extraordinarily beneficial but the vast majority of ships currently in use should also be addressed as their average lifetime of 20 years is a lengthy amount of time to go ignored and harm workers and the environment. However, the newly adopted Convention has been criticised as it does not impose substantial obligations on shipbreaking countries or ship owners to improve the present conditions and it fails to demand decontamination of ships within developed countries prior to the final export. (Alam). The green and environmentally safe development of ships the Convention demands will be extensive, though it is the recycling industries that will require the most improvement and restoration added to their already weak and poor financial status and processes. It seems to shift the responsibility of polluters to the victims by concentrating only on downstream environmentally sound management of ship dismantling whilst ignoring the realities of the true capacity of developing countries to adhere to such obligations. (Alam). [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Developing countries]] are vulnerable to ship breaking, as the recycled components and steel obtained from the recycling process is much more than they could afford. In addition of rich countries already taking advantage of poor country's poor financial stability, through this convention we are then asking them to implement and extensively renovate their processes by reason of expensive reconstruction. As shipbreaking is primarily conducted in developing countries—those with the lowest capacity—the Convention's focus on these countries undermines the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. (Alam). The Convention also does not entirely ban the practices of dismantling ships on beaches. In fact, the IMO Ship Recycling Convention is much weaker than the Basel Convention. (Alam). The ratification by the primary ship recycling countries will be difficult as some country's legislators do not view beached ships for recycling without official approval as a legitimate industry. The ultimate difficulty with the Hong Kong Convention relates to its enforcement, for example, it requires ‘the signature of the five main ship recycling States, including Bangladesh, China, India, Pakistan and Turkey. (Alam). Though the developing country's legislators do not perceive ship breaking as a formal industry, they do not refuse the parts obtained through ship recycling. However, domestic law enforcement in Bangladesh is hampered by the lack of recognition of shipbreaking as a formal industry. (Alam)

== '''AFS Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
According to AFS, will enter force and become binding on the parties one year after 25 states, representing 25% of the world’s merchant shipping tonnage, have ratified it. (Gipperth). Panama became the 25th state (out of 166 IMO member countries) to ratify the convention. These 25 countries represent 38.09% of worlds merchant shipping tonnage, convention entered force September 2008. (Gipperth)

=== '''Strengths''' ===
AFS Convention prohibited all use of TBT based antifouling paints in 2008. (Stichnothe)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
Due to entering into force of AFS convention on September 2008, huge amount of TBT containing wastes is expected to be produced, near shipyards, in following months. (Stichnothe)

== '''European Commission''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
The main aim of the regulation is that European ships have to be dismantled in safe and environmentally sound facilities. (Alam). According to the Regulation, all waste, including end-of-life ships and vessels, destined for disposal is subject to the requirement of prior notification. (Alam).

=== '''Strengths''' ===
In March 2012, the European Commission adopted a proposal for new regulation on ship recycling, which has been approved by the European Parliament in April 2013. (Alam). The proposal aims to implement the Basel Convention and an Amendment to the Convention (the ‘Ban Amendment’), which has not yet entered into force. (Alam). European ships are only allowed to be recycled in facilities that are registered in a European list of recycling facilities (apply for inclusion with evidence that they meet stipulated requirements) (Alam)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
== '''Basel Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
The Basel Convention remains the principal international legal instrument of regulation on the shipbreaking industry. (Alam). The main purpose of the Basel Convention is to ensure that parties take responsibility for their own hazardous waste, establish hazardous waste disposal facilities (including recycling) within their territory, minimise the generation and transboundary movement of hazardous waste, and ensure that they do not export the hazards and damage to human health and the environment, to other countries. (Alam). The European Waste Shipment Regulation 259/93/EEC determines which procedures to apply before waste can be shipped within, into and out of the European Community.26 The Regulation is largely based on the Basel Convention. (Alam). In most cases, ships exported for shipbreaking are a clear violation of these objectives. (Alam). United States dominated many of original Basel Convention negotiations, failed to ratify agreement, joining Haiti and Afghanistan as only signatories to the agreement that have failed to ratify treaty.

=== '''Strengths''' ===
Firstly, it obligates the Parties, irrespective of their status (e.g., State of Export, Import, Transit, flag or port State), to prohibit or not permit the export of hazardous and other wastes to parties, which have prohibited the import of such wastes. (Alam). Basel Convention is environmentally sound management, which means taking all practicable steps to ensure protection of human health and the environment. (Alam). Basel Convention defines “illegal traffic” of hazardous wastes and makes it a criminal act. (Alam). Basel Convention's 7th Conference of Parties has recognised that end-oflife vessels containing PCBs, asbestos, heavy metals and other hazardous substances should be legally defined as hazardous wastes in international law. (Alam). Therefore, ships containing such hazardous constituents and destined for ship breaking should be defined as hazardous wastes. This is a significant area of reform for the Basel Convention which requires clarification. (Alam). failure to prescribe a process by which to ascertain the information has meant that assessment is reliant on representations made by authorities in the importing state. This is problematic where lack of capacity and endemic corruption are regularly encountered. (Alam). The Basel Ban Amendment64 prohibits all hazardous wastes from being transported from OECD nations to non-OECD nations. (Alam). The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (34 countries founded in 1961) http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/list-oecd-member-countries.htm. (Alam). establishes a total ban on exports of hazardous wastes from OECD and EC countries to developing countries. Fulfills the purpose of the convention, namely, “to prevent the developed nations from ‘dumping’ on the developing nations. (Alam)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
ambiguities in the Convention. Arts. 4.1 and 6 of the Basel Convention stipulates that no shipment of waste should take place without all “States Concerned” being informed and consented. (Alam). It is well known that this requirement can be circumvented by unscrupulous waste ship traders by declaring a ship to be waste only after it is in international waters or already at the shipbreaking state. (Alam). The “prior informed consent” (PIC) mechanism requires that the state of export informs an importing state of any transfer, detailing accurately the nature and volume of the waste, and receives written consent from the state of import. (Alam). Violations have shown, however, that exporting parties frequently misrepresent the nature of the waste involved. (Alam). Abidjan disaster the waste concerned was described as ‘routine slops’, the dirty water from washing naval tanks, but was revealed to actually be a mixture of fuels, caustic soda and over two tonnes of hydrogen sulphide. (Alam). This lack of technical capacity has meant that importing states are often unable to ascertain whether the information provided is indeed correct. (Alam). The difficulties are further exacerbated by the fact that the Convention offers no explanation of ‘environmentally sound management’ beyond, ‘taking all practicable steps to ensure that hazardous wastes or other wastes are managed in a manner which will protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects which may result from such wastes’. 53 Exactly what is required then is subject to interpretation and conjecture. (Alam). This limitation has resulted in what is termed the ‘recycling loophole’. 59 It is argued that most waste transfers claimed to be for reuse or reclamation are either ‘sham recycling’, where future use is fabricated to disguise the fact that the waste is actually bound for dumping or ‘dirty recycling’, where the recycling process itself is harmful to the environment and human health. (Alam). Amendment struggles to take significant effect, as participation in ratifying the amendment is low and it has not entered into force yet. (Alam). no direct legal ban on the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes from developed to developing countries. (Alam). Basel Convention- Minimize amount and hazard level of wastes generated worldwide, where generation of hazardous waste is unavoidable such wastes should be disposed of as close to source of generation as possible, stresses environmentally sound management and disposal of hazardous wastes (last point is vague in the treaty, not enforceable or accountable). (Dodds). Basel Convention-failed to create fund to minimize damage from international hazardous wastes, did not prohibit transfer of hazardous waste but rather facilitated movement to countries with developing economies. (Dodds). Basel Convention totally exempts bilateral and multilateral agreements with nonparty countries(nonmember countries, US, and member countries, India, to enter into contracts for disposal of waste). (Dodds). 1989 Basel Convention not entirely adequate to challenge all risks and problems arising from ship recycling facilities. (Chang). Basel convention does not indicate detailed rules for the recycling process, because of this the IMO took ship recycling and its environmental impact onto its agenda. (Chang)
== '''Miscellaneous Conventions''' ==
The Law of the Sea Convention 1982 contains obligations of the states concerning land-based environmental pollution of the sea; most important the obligations contained in Articles 192 and 194. According to Article 192, ‘states have the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment’. Furthermore, states shall according to Article 194 ‘take […] measures […] to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment’. Bangladesh ratified this Convention in 2001
The Stockholm Convention can be relevant when considering Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) such as PCBs; a pervasive substance in many ships
International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling Systems on Ships 2001. It prohibits the use of anti-fouling systems that burdens the environment. Anti-fouling systems that use organotin compounds have to have an additional layer as a barrier to prevent the harmful substances from being released to the environment.
substandard beaching yards the anti-fouling paint usually does not get removed professionally, but simply gets scaped off and released to the environment.
damaging not only to the workers, but also to the coastal ecosystem.
The requirement of over-coating worsens the problem because it makes it more difficult to remove the harmful bottom layer of paint.
IMO dedicated legislator of global shipping industry since maritime catastrophes in 1960’s. (Chang)
In addition, joint efforts with the IMO, the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Conference of Parties to the 1989 Basel Convention were also made to establish a Joint Working Group on Ship Scrapping. (Chang)
Since decision making process within IMO (International Maritime Organization) is base on principle of state sovereignty, state members are free to enter any IMO Convention. (Gipperth)
== '''Green Ship Countries'''==
[[Green Ships:Green Ship Countries|Green Ship Countries]]

== '''References'''==

Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations

2015-06-08T18:13:08Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Strengths */

== '''Hong Kong Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
Of all the conventions in effect, the Hong Kong Convention is the more recent Convention, as well as [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|the IMO in works with Bangladesh]], to actively seek more clear and stricter guidelines regarding occupational safety and environmental concerns in ship recycling. The Hong Kong Convention has been adopted under the auspices of the IMO in 2009 after more than five years of negotiations, and is expected to enter into force in 2015. (Alam). The original framework of the Hong Kong convention was very vague and allowed for many countries to slip through the cracks in order to avoid the environmental safety guidelines. The aim of the Convention is to provide regulations for the design, construction, operation and preparation of ships so as to facilitate safe and environmentally sound recycling. (Alam). Clear and concise protocol will enable the countries under the Hong Kong Convention to protect their environment and safety of workers, but also the required accountability leaves no room for liberation from the law, including legislators that may benefit from abusing their role in hopes of personal gain. The Convention requires all vessels to carry detailed, regularly updated inventories of hazardous materials throughout their years of service. (Alam)

=== '''Strengths''' ===
Though the Hong Kong Convention has come under much scrutiny for its obscure guidelines, it holds ship owners accountable for hazardous material upon each ship. The Convention requires all vessels to carry detailed, regularly updated inventories of hazardous materials throughout their years of service. (Alam). In addition to holding ship owners responsible for hazardous material on the vessels, the inventory of hazardous material protects the ship-recycling workers and their communities once the ship is no longer usable. Ships to be sent for recycling will have to meet certification standards, including carrying out an inventory of hazardous materials, specific to each ship.(Alam). In order to properly ensure obedience with the policies and inhibit potential loopholes, the ships are required to meet and undergo surveys to secure compliance. Ships will have to have an initial survey to verify the inventory of hazardous materials, surveys during the life of the ship, and a final survey prior to recycling, (Alam). In holding ship owners accountable, there is also a necessity to assure conformity to protect the environment and ship recycling workers. Ship recycling yards must be authorised, and will be required to provide a ‘Ship Recycling Plan’, to specify the manner in which each ship will be recycled, depending on its particulars and its inventory. (Alam). Many conventions were developed as a tertiary prevention approach to ship recycling, protecting the environment and its workers, few conventions have turned their efforts to focus on primary or secondary prevention methods. This Convention tries to cover all aspects of a ship's life (described by Bhattacharjee as ‘the cradle-to-grave-approach. (Alam). Concentrating on primary prevention attempts will potentially diminish means of escape and the use of toxic materials as the construction of the ships will require "green" friendly materials. The Convention addresses the crucial issue of ‘green ship building and design’ which neither the Basel Convention nor any other international treaties directly addresses. (Alam). The Hong Kong Convention was put into effect much later than the Basel Convention, though it has acknowledged it's weaknesses and attempted to reconstruct its guidelines to certify complete compliance and environmental conservation and human safety. In May 2009, the Hong Kong International Convention for Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships was adopted. (Chang). The concentration and recognition of likely harms faced in the ship recycling industry lacks focus and attention by other conventions. The Hong Kong Convention is aimed at ensuring ships when recycled after reaching end of operational lives do not pose unnecessary risk to human health and safety or to the environment (Chang). Other conventions allow leniency to visiting ships operating through other parties, enabling them to slip through the cracks through other countries not operating or operating under less restricted policies. The Hong Kong Convention applies to: ships entitled to fly the flag of a Party or operating under its authority and ship-recycling facilities operating under the jurisdiction of a Party (Chang).

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
Arguably, this is a substantial improvement on the approach of the Basel Convention, 33 though ‘the 2009 Hong Kong Convention itself does not introduce a compulsory and environmentally sound shiprecycling method. (Alam). Furthermore it fails to adequately address ‘final management of waste’, and it has multiple exclusions such as ‘warships, naval auxiliary ships or other ships owned or operated by a Party and used only on governmental, non-commercial service. (Alam). However, the newly adopted Convention has been criticised as it does not impose substantial obligations on shipbreaking countries or ship owners to improve the present conditions. It fails to demand decontamination of ships within developed countries prior to the final export. (Alam). It seems to shift the responsibility of polluters to the victims by concentrating only on downstream environmentally sound management of ship dismantling whilst ignoring the realities of the true capacity of developing countries to adhere to such obligations. (Alam). As shipbreaking is primarily conducted in developing countries—those with the lowest capacity—the Convention's focus on these countries undermines the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. (Alam). The Convention also does not entirely ban the practices of dismantling ships on beaches. In fact, the IMO Ship Recycling Convention is much weaker than the Basel Convention. (Alam). The ultimate difficulty with the Hong Kong Convention relates to its enforcement, for example, it requires ‘the signature of the five main ship recycling States, including Bangladesh, China, India, Pakistan and Turkey. (Alam). However, domestic law enforcement in Bangladesh is hampered by the lack of recognition of shipbreaking as a formal industry. (Alam)

== '''AFS Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
According to AFS, will enter force and become binding on the parties one year after 25 states, representing 25% of the world’s merchant shipping tonnage, have ratified it. (Gipperth). Panama became the 25th state (out of 166 IMO member countries) to ratify the convention. These 25 countries represent 38.09% of worlds merchant shipping tonnage, convention entered force September 2008. (Gipperth)

=== '''Strengths''' ===
AFS Convention prohibited all use of TBT based antifouling paints in 2008. (Stichnothe)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
Due to entering into force of AFS convention on September 2008, huge amount of TBT containing wastes is expected to be produced, near shipyards, in following months. (Stichnothe)

== '''European Commission''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
The main aim of the regulation is that European ships have to be dismantled in safe and environmentally sound facilities. (Alam). According to the Regulation, all waste, including end-of-life ships and vessels, destined for disposal is subject to the requirement of prior notification. (Alam).

=== '''Strengths''' ===
In March 2012, the European Commission adopted a proposal for new regulation on ship recycling, which has been approved by the European Parliament in April 2013. (Alam). The proposal aims to implement the Basel Convention and an Amendment to the Convention (the ‘Ban Amendment’), which has not yet entered into force. (Alam). European ships are only allowed to be recycled in facilities that are registered in a European list of recycling facilities (apply for inclusion with evidence that they meet stipulated requirements) (Alam)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
== '''Basel Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
The Basel Convention remains the principal international legal instrument of regulation on the shipbreaking industry. (Alam). The main purpose of the Basel Convention is to ensure that parties take responsibility for their own hazardous waste, establish hazardous waste disposal facilities (including recycling) within their territory, minimise the generation and transboundary movement of hazardous waste, and ensure that they do not export the hazards and damage to human health and the environment, to other countries. (Alam). The European Waste Shipment Regulation 259/93/EEC determines which procedures to apply before waste can be shipped within, into and out of the European Community.26 The Regulation is largely based on the Basel Convention. (Alam). In most cases, ships exported for shipbreaking are a clear violation of these objectives. (Alam). United States dominated many of original Basel Convention negotiations, failed to ratify agreement, joining Haiti and Afghanistan as only signatories to the agreement that have failed to ratify treaty.

=== '''Strengths''' ===
Firstly, it obligates the Parties, irrespective of their status (e.g., State of Export, Import, Transit, flag or port State), to prohibit or not permit the export of hazardous and other wastes to parties, which have prohibited the import of such wastes. (Alam). Basel Convention is environmentally sound management, which means taking all practicable steps to ensure protection of human health and the environment. (Alam). Basel Convention defines “illegal traffic” of hazardous wastes and makes it a criminal act. (Alam). Basel Convention's 7th Conference of Parties has recognised that end-oflife vessels containing PCBs, asbestos, heavy metals and other hazardous substances should be legally defined as hazardous wastes in international law. (Alam). Therefore, ships containing such hazardous constituents and destined for ship breaking should be defined as hazardous wastes. This is a significant area of reform for the Basel Convention which requires clarification. (Alam). failure to prescribe a process by which to ascertain the information has meant that assessment is reliant on representations made by authorities in the importing state. This is problematic where lack of capacity and endemic corruption are regularly encountered. (Alam). The Basel Ban Amendment64 prohibits all hazardous wastes from being transported from OECD nations to non-OECD nations. (Alam). The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (34 countries founded in 1961) http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/list-oecd-member-countries.htm. (Alam). establishes a total ban on exports of hazardous wastes from OECD and EC countries to developing countries. Fulfills the purpose of the convention, namely, “to prevent the developed nations from ‘dumping’ on the developing nations. (Alam)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
ambiguities in the Convention. Arts. 4.1 and 6 of the Basel Convention stipulates that no shipment of waste should take place without all “States Concerned” being informed and consented. (Alam). It is well known that this requirement can be circumvented by unscrupulous waste ship traders by declaring a ship to be waste only after it is in international waters or already at the shipbreaking state. (Alam). The “prior informed consent” (PIC) mechanism requires that the state of export informs an importing state of any transfer, detailing accurately the nature and volume of the waste, and receives written consent from the state of import. (Alam). Violations have shown, however, that exporting parties frequently misrepresent the nature of the waste involved. (Alam). Abidjan disaster the waste concerned was described as ‘routine slops’, the dirty water from washing naval tanks, but was revealed to actually be a mixture of fuels, caustic soda and over two tonnes of hydrogen sulphide. (Alam). This lack of technical capacity has meant that importing states are often unable to ascertain whether the information provided is indeed correct. (Alam). The difficulties are further exacerbated by the fact that the Convention offers no explanation of ‘environmentally sound management’ beyond, ‘taking all practicable steps to ensure that hazardous wastes or other wastes are managed in a manner which will protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects which may result from such wastes’. 53 Exactly what is required then is subject to interpretation and conjecture. (Alam). This limitation has resulted in what is termed the ‘recycling loophole’. 59 It is argued that most waste transfers claimed to be for reuse or reclamation are either ‘sham recycling’, where future use is fabricated to disguise the fact that the waste is actually bound for dumping or ‘dirty recycling’, where the recycling process itself is harmful to the environment and human health. (Alam). Amendment struggles to take significant effect, as participation in ratifying the amendment is low and it has not entered into force yet. (Alam). no direct legal ban on the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes from developed to developing countries. (Alam). Basel Convention- Minimize amount and hazard level of wastes generated worldwide, where generation of hazardous waste is unavoidable such wastes should be disposed of as close to source of generation as possible, stresses environmentally sound management and disposal of hazardous wastes (last point is vague in the treaty, not enforceable or accountable). (Dodds). Basel Convention-failed to create fund to minimize damage from international hazardous wastes, did not prohibit transfer of hazardous waste but rather facilitated movement to countries with developing economies. (Dodds). Basel Convention totally exempts bilateral and multilateral agreements with nonparty countries(nonmember countries, US, and member countries, India, to enter into contracts for disposal of waste). (Dodds). 1989 Basel Convention not entirely adequate to challenge all risks and problems arising from ship recycling facilities. (Chang). Basel convention does not indicate detailed rules for the recycling process, because of this the IMO took ship recycling and its environmental impact onto its agenda. (Chang)
== '''Miscellaneous Conventions''' ==
The Law of the Sea Convention 1982 contains obligations of the states concerning land-based environmental pollution of the sea; most important the obligations contained in Articles 192 and 194. According to Article 192, ‘states have the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment’. Furthermore, states shall according to Article 194 ‘take […] measures […] to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment’. Bangladesh ratified this Convention in 2001
The Stockholm Convention can be relevant when considering Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) such as PCBs; a pervasive substance in many ships
International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling Systems on Ships 2001. It prohibits the use of anti-fouling systems that burdens the environment. Anti-fouling systems that use organotin compounds have to have an additional layer as a barrier to prevent the harmful substances from being released to the environment.
substandard beaching yards the anti-fouling paint usually does not get removed professionally, but simply gets scaped off and released to the environment.
damaging not only to the workers, but also to the coastal ecosystem.
The requirement of over-coating worsens the problem because it makes it more difficult to remove the harmful bottom layer of paint.
IMO dedicated legislator of global shipping industry since maritime catastrophes in 1960’s. (Chang)
In addition, joint efforts with the IMO, the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Conference of Parties to the 1989 Basel Convention were also made to establish a Joint Working Group on Ship Scrapping. (Chang)
Since decision making process within IMO (International Maritime Organization) is base on principle of state sovereignty, state members are free to enter any IMO Convention. (Gipperth)
== '''Green Ship Countries'''==
[[Green Ships:Green Ship Countries|Green Ship Countries]]

== '''References'''==

Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations

2015-06-04T20:59:31Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Summary */

Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations

2015-06-04T20:52:56Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Summary */

Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations

2015-06-04T20:52:26Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Summary */

== '''Hong Kong Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
Of all the conventions in effects, the Hong Kong Convention is the more recent Convention, as well as [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|the IMO in works with Bangladesh]] to actively seek more clear and stricter guidelines regarding occupational safety and environmental concerns in ship recycling. Hong Kong Convention has been adopted under the auspices of the IMO in 2009 after more than five years of negotiations, and is expected to enter into force in 2015. (Alam) The aim of the Convention is to provide regulations for the design, construction, operation and preparation of ships so as to facilitate safe and environmentally sound recycling. (Alam). The Convention requires all vessels to carry detailed, regularly updated inventories of hazardous materials throughout their years of service. (Alam)

=== '''Strengths''' ===
The Convention requires all vessels to carry detailed, regularly updated inventories of hazardous materials throughout their years of service. (Alam). ships to be sent for recycling will have to meet certification standards, including carrying out an inventory of hazardous materials, specific to each ship. Ships will have to have an initial survey to verify the inventory of hazardous materials, surveys during the life of the ship, and a final survey prior to recycling, (Alam). Ship recycling yards must be authorised,30 and will be required to provide a ‘Ship Recycling Plan’, to specify the manner in which each ship will be recycled, depending on its particulars and its inventory. (Alam). This Convention tries to cover all aspects of a ship's life (described by Bhattacharjee as ‘the cradle-to-grave-approach. (Alam). The Convention addresses the crucial issue of ‘green ship building and design’ which neither the Basel Convention nor any other international treaties directly addresses. (Alam). May 2009, Hong Kong International Convention for Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships adopted. (Chang). Aimed at ensuring ships when recycled after reaching end of operational lives do not pose unnecessary risk to human health and safety or to the environment (Chang). Convention applies to: ships entitled to fly the flag of a Party or operating under its authority and ship-recycling facilities operating under the jurisdiction of a Party (Chang)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
Arguably, this is a substantial improvement on the approach of the Basel Convention, 33 though ‘the 2009 Hong Kong Convention itself does not introduce a compulsory and environmentally sound shiprecycling method. (Alam). Furthermore it fails to adequately address ‘final management of waste’, and it has multiple exclusions such as ‘warships, naval auxiliary ships or other ships owned or operated by a Party and used only on governmental, non-commercial service. (Alam). However, the newly adopted Convention has been criticised as it does not impose substantial obligations on shipbreaking countries or ship owners to improve the present conditions. It fails to demand decontamination of ships within developed countries prior to the final export. (Alam). It seems to shift the responsibility of polluters to the victims by concentrating only on downstream environmentally sound management of ship dismantling whilst ignoring the realities of the true capacity of developing countries to adhere to such obligations. (Alam). As shipbreaking is primarily conducted in developing countries—those with the lowest capacity—the Convention's focus on these countries undermines the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. (Alam). The Convention also does not entirely ban the practices of dismantling ships on beaches. In fact, the IMO Ship Recycling Convention is much weaker than the Basel Convention. (Alam). The ultimate difficulty with the Hong Kong Convention relates to its enforcement, for example, it requires ‘the signature of the five main ship recycling States, including Bangladesh, China, India, Pakistan and Turkey. (Alam). However, domestic law enforcement in Bangladesh is hampered by the lack of recognition of shipbreaking as a formal industry. (Alam)

== '''AFS Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
According to AFS, will enter force and become binding on the parties one year after 25 states, representing 25% of the world’s merchant shipping tonnage, have ratified it. (Gipperth). Panama became the 25th state (out of 166 IMO member countries) to ratify the convention. These 25 countries represent 38.09% of worlds merchant shipping tonnage, convention entered force September 2008. (Gipperth)

=== '''Strengths''' ===
AFS Convention prohibited all use of TBT based antifouling paints in 2008. (Stichnothe)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
Due to entering into force of AFS convention on September 2008, huge amount of TBT containing wastes is expected to be produced, near shipyards, in following months. (Stichnothe)

== '''European Commission''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
The main aim of the regulation is that European ships have to be dismantled in safe and environmentally sound facilities. (Alam). According to the Regulation, all waste, including end-of-life ships and vessels, destined for disposal is subject to the requirement of prior notification. (Alam).

=== '''Strengths''' ===
In March 2012, the European Commission adopted a proposal for new regulation on ship recycling, which has been approved by the European Parliament in April 2013. (Alam). The proposal aims to implement the Basel Convention and an Amendment to the Convention (the ‘Ban Amendment’), which has not yet entered into force. (Alam). European ships are only allowed to be recycled in facilities that are registered in a European list of recycling facilities (apply for inclusion with evidence that they meet stipulated requirements) (Alam)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
== '''Basel Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
The Basel Convention remains the principal international legal instrument of regulation on the shipbreaking industry. (Alam). The main purpose of the Basel Convention is to ensure that parties take responsibility for their own hazardous waste, establish hazardous waste disposal facilities (including recycling) within their territory, minimise the generation and transboundary movement of hazardous waste, and ensure that they do not export the hazards and damage to human health and the environment, to other countries. (Alam). The European Waste Shipment Regulation 259/93/EEC determines which procedures to apply before waste can be shipped within, into and out of the European Community.26 The Regulation is largely based on the Basel Convention. (Alam). In most cases, ships exported for shipbreaking are a clear violation of these objectives. (Alam). United States dominated many of original Basel Convention negotiations, failed to ratify agreement, joining Haiti and Afghanistan as only signatories to the agreement that have failed to ratify treaty.

=== '''Strengths''' ===
Firstly, it obligates the Parties, irrespective of their status (e.g., State of Export, Import, Transit, flag or port State), to prohibit or not permit the export of hazardous and other wastes to parties, which have prohibited the import of such wastes. (Alam). Basel Convention is environmentally sound management, which means taking all practicable steps to ensure protection of human health and the environment. (Alam). Basel Convention defines “illegal traffic” of hazardous wastes and makes it a criminal act. (Alam). Basel Convention's 7th Conference of Parties has recognised that end-oflife vessels containing PCBs, asbestos, heavy metals and other hazardous substances should be legally defined as hazardous wastes in international law. (Alam). Therefore, ships containing such hazardous constituents and destined for ship breaking should be defined as hazardous wastes. This is a significant area of reform for the Basel Convention which requires clarification. (Alam). failure to prescribe a process by which to ascertain the information has meant that assessment is reliant on representations made by authorities in the importing state. This is problematic where lack of capacity and endemic corruption are regularly encountered. (Alam). The Basel Ban Amendment64 prohibits all hazardous wastes from being transported from OECD nations to non-OECD nations. (Alam). The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (34 countries founded in 1961) http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/list-oecd-member-countries.htm. (Alam). establishes a total ban on exports of hazardous wastes from OECD and EC countries to developing countries. Fulfills the purpose of the convention, namely, “to prevent the developed nations from ‘dumping’ on the developing nations. (Alam)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
ambiguities in the Convention. Arts. 4.1 and 6 of the Basel Convention stipulates that no shipment of waste should take place without all “States Concerned” being informed and consented. (Alam). It is well known that this requirement can be circumvented by unscrupulous waste ship traders by declaring a ship to be waste only after it is in international waters or already at the shipbreaking state. (Alam). The “prior informed consent” (PIC) mechanism requires that the state of export informs an importing state of any transfer, detailing accurately the nature and volume of the waste, and receives written consent from the state of import. (Alam). Violations have shown, however, that exporting parties frequently misrepresent the nature of the waste involved. (Alam). Abidjan disaster the waste concerned was described as ‘routine slops’, the dirty water from washing naval tanks, but was revealed to actually be a mixture of fuels, caustic soda and over two tonnes of hydrogen sulphide. (Alam). This lack of technical capacity has meant that importing states are often unable to ascertain whether the information provided is indeed correct. (Alam). The difficulties are further exacerbated by the fact that the Convention offers no explanation of ‘environmentally sound management’ beyond, ‘taking all practicable steps to ensure that hazardous wastes or other wastes are managed in a manner which will protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects which may result from such wastes’. 53 Exactly what is required then is subject to interpretation and conjecture. (Alam). This limitation has resulted in what is termed the ‘recycling loophole’. 59 It is argued that most waste transfers claimed to be for reuse or reclamation are either ‘sham recycling’, where future use is fabricated to disguise the fact that the waste is actually bound for dumping or ‘dirty recycling’, where the recycling process itself is harmful to the environment and human health. (Alam). Amendment struggles to take significant effect, as participation in ratifying the amendment is low and it has not entered into force yet. (Alam). no direct legal ban on the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes from developed to developing countries. (Alam). Basel Convention- Minimize amount and hazard level of wastes generated worldwide, where generation of hazardous waste is unavoidable such wastes should be disposed of as close to source of generation as possible, stresses environmentally sound management and disposal of hazardous wastes (last point is vague in the treaty, not enforceable or accountable). (Dodds). Basel Convention-failed to create fund to minimize damage from international hazardous wastes, did not prohibit transfer of hazardous waste but rather facilitated movement to countries with developing economies. (Dodds). Basel Convention totally exempts bilateral and multilateral agreements with nonparty countries(nonmember countries, US, and member countries, India, to enter into contracts for disposal of waste). (Dodds). 1989 Basel Convention not entirely adequate to challenge all risks and problems arising from ship recycling facilities. (Chang). Basel convention does not indicate detailed rules for the recycling process, because of this the IMO took ship recycling and its environmental impact onto its agenda. (Chang)
== '''Miscellaneous Conventions''' ==
The Law of the Sea Convention 1982 contains obligations of the states concerning land-based environmental pollution of the sea; most important the obligations contained in Articles 192 and 194. According to Article 192, ‘states have the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment’. Furthermore, states shall according to Article 194 ‘take […] measures […] to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment’. Bangladesh ratified this Convention in 2001
The Stockholm Convention can be relevant when considering Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) such as PCBs; a pervasive substance in many ships
International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling Systems on Ships 2001. It prohibits the use of anti-fouling systems that burdens the environment. Anti-fouling systems that use organotin compounds have to have an additional layer as a barrier to prevent the harmful substances from being released to the environment.
substandard beaching yards the anti-fouling paint usually does not get removed professionally, but simply gets scaped off and released to the environment.
damaging not only to the workers, but also to the coastal ecosystem.
The requirement of over-coating worsens the problem because it makes it more difficult to remove the harmful bottom layer of paint.
IMO dedicated legislator of global shipping industry since maritime catastrophes in 1960’s. (Chang)
In addition, joint efforts with the IMO, the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Conference of Parties to the 1989 Basel Convention were also made to establish a Joint Working Group on Ship Scrapping. (Chang)
Since decision making process within IMO (International Maritime Organization) is base on principle of state sovereignty, state members are free to enter any IMO Convention. (Gipperth)
== '''Green Ship Countries'''==
[[Green Ships:Green Ship Countries|Green Ship Countries]]

== '''References'''==

Green Ships: Alternative Solutions

2015-06-04T20:49:11Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Alternate Paints */

== '''Mothballing''' ==
There have been many suggestions as an alternative solution to ship-breaking because of its adverse marine, human, and environmental effects. Mothballing is the process of indefinitely storing a ship including a collection of naval vessels of all types that are fully equipped for service but are not currently needed, and thus partially or fully decommissioned. The negative aspects of mothballing are the expensive maintenance which is generally difficult to afford. Similar to ship-breaking, there are environmental concerns connected to this process which understandable makes it an unattractive option). '''paraphrased'''(Dodds)

== '''Dry Docking''' ==
An additional alternative solution to ship-recycling is dry docking. Dry docking is closely related to mothballing, in terms of process and high cost of $800,000 per vessel, the decommissioned ships can be sunk to form artificial reefs, though it is costly due to cleaning and all environmental hazards to be removed prior to sinking. (Dodds). Expensive costs and environmental concerns are closely tied with the solution of dry-docking, make it a less likely and less desirable solution. Shipyards and harbors, where vessels are dry-docked for repairing and repainting, risk of polluting water bodies is particularly high and demands high quality waste management. (Gipperth)

== '''Relocate Toxic Sediments''' ==
In an attempt to completely remove the contaminated sediments, that for many years since the banning of TBT are still present, the solution of removing the sediment altogether has been suggested. The preferred method is to relocate the toxic sediments. (Stichnothe) This solution would be extensively difficult to collect the entire contaminated sediment as well as searching or creating a site to relocate the material and how to disintegrate the sediment in a environmentally safe procedure.

== '''Electrochemical Process''' ==
The more recent alternative solution to ship-recycling has turned to an electrochemical process. The aim of the electrochemical process is to decompose TBT. (Stichnothe). Rather than risk removing the sediment and possibly endangering or contaminating other locations in the process and/or preserving the contaminated ships, the electrochemical process seeks to eliminate the toxins where they are present.

== '''Scraping''' ==
As an initial solution, in response to the TBT based anti-fouling paints applied on the majority of vessels, scraping the ship's hull to remove the paint was proposed. Washing, scraping, and repainting of boat hulls may also cause harmful health effects on shipyard workers. (Gipperth). The idea of scraping was a rapid response to the banning of TBT, in light of the extreme marine and environmental concerns, without further thoughts or investigation on the damaging environmental consequences as a results of scraping.

== '''Alternate Paints''' ==
The accelerated popularity on the use of applying TBT based anti-fouling paints was largely due to the dramatic economic benefits created from the TBT paint. The economic benefits included less organisms attached to the ship's hull which allowed faster and increased movement of the ship, in turn decreasing the amount of fuel dumped into the ships eluding to the environmental benefits of less greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, the TBT paints required less re-painting than other paints, allowing the ship owners to increase their profit by maximizing the ships initial painting. Owners could use other paints, however, most still contain a biocide which makes it ineffective. Also, the cost of using other compounds or metals is considerably more expensive. (Gipperth). Ironically, the TBT based paints were also very expensive during its first revealing, though that did not discourage ship owners to apply the paint to their ships. The higher cost of using alternative paints is not only due to high cost of paint itself but less effective antifouling paint requires more frequent repainting and hull cleanings and may increase fuel consumption, followed by loss in trading revenue while ships are dry-docked. (Gipperth)

Green Ships: Alternative Solutions

2015-06-04T20:41:27Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Scraping */

== '''Mothballing''' ==
There have been many suggestions as an alternative solution to ship-breaking because of its adverse marine, human, and environmental effects. Mothballing is the process of indefinitely storing a ship including a collection of naval vessels of all types that are fully equipped for service but are not currently needed, and thus partially or fully decommissioned. The negative aspects of mothballing are the expensive maintenance which is generally difficult to afford. Similar to ship-breaking, there are environmental concerns connected to this process which understandable makes it an unattractive option). '''paraphrased'''(Dodds)

== '''Dry Docking''' ==
An additional alternative solution to ship-recycling is dry docking. Dry docking is closely related to mothballing, in terms of process and high cost of $800,000 per vessel, the decommissioned ships can be sunk to form artificial reefs, though it is costly due to cleaning and all environmental hazards to be removed prior to sinking. (Dodds). Expensive costs and environmental concerns are closely tied with the solution of dry-docking, make it a less likely and less desirable solution. Shipyards and harbors, where vessels are dry-docked for repairing and repainting, risk of polluting water bodies is particularly high and demands high quality waste management. (Gipperth)

== '''Relocate Toxic Sediments''' ==
In an attempt to completely remove the contaminated sediments, that for many years since the banning of TBT are still present, the solution of removing the sediment altogether has been suggested. The preferred method is to relocate the toxic sediments. (Stichnothe) This solution would be extensively difficult to collect the entire contaminated sediment as well as searching or creating a site to relocate the material and how to disintegrate the sediment in a environmentally safe procedure.

== '''Electrochemical Process''' ==
The more recent alternative solution to ship-recycling has turned to an electrochemical process. The aim of the electrochemical process is to decompose TBT. (Stichnothe). Rather than risk removing the sediment and possibly endangering or contaminating other locations in the process and/or preserving the contaminated ships, the electrochemical process seeks to eliminate the toxins where they are present.

== '''Scraping''' ==
As an initial solution, in response to the TBT based anti-fouling paints applied on the majority of vessels, scraping the ship's hull to remove the paint was proposed. Washing, scraping, and repainting of boat hulls may also cause harmful health effects on shipyard workers. (Gipperth). The idea of scraping was a rapid response to the banning of TBT, in light of the extreme marine and environmental concerns, without further thoughts or investigation on the damaging environmental consequences as a results of scraping.

== '''Alternate Paints''' ==
Could use other paints, however, most still contain a biocide which makes it ineffective. Also, the cost of using other compounds or metals is considerably more expensive. (Gipperth)
Higher cost of using alternative paints is not only due to high cost of paint itself but less effective antifouling paint requires more frequent repainting and hull cleanings and may increase fuel consumption, followed by loss in trading revenue while ships are dry-docked. (Gipperth)

Green Ships: Alternative Solutions

2015-06-04T20:35:40Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Electrochemical Process */

== '''Mothballing''' ==
There have been many suggestions as an alternative solution to ship-breaking because of its adverse marine, human, and environmental effects. Mothballing is the process of indefinitely storing a ship including a collection of naval vessels of all types that are fully equipped for service but are not currently needed, and thus partially or fully decommissioned. The negative aspects of mothballing are the expensive maintenance which is generally difficult to afford. Similar to ship-breaking, there are environmental concerns connected to this process which understandable makes it an unattractive option). '''paraphrased'''(Dodds)

== '''Dry Docking''' ==
An additional alternative solution to ship-recycling is dry docking. Dry docking is closely related to mothballing, in terms of process and high cost of $800,000 per vessel, the decommissioned ships can be sunk to form artificial reefs, though it is costly due to cleaning and all environmental hazards to be removed prior to sinking. (Dodds). Expensive costs and environmental concerns are closely tied with the solution of dry-docking, make it a less likely and less desirable solution. Shipyards and harbors, where vessels are dry-docked for repairing and repainting, risk of polluting water bodies is particularly high and demands high quality waste management. (Gipperth)

== '''Relocate Toxic Sediments''' ==
In an attempt to completely remove the contaminated sediments, that for many years since the banning of TBT are still present, the solution of removing the sediment altogether has been suggested. The preferred method is to relocate the toxic sediments. (Stichnothe) This solution would be extensively difficult to collect the entire contaminated sediment as well as searching or creating a site to relocate the material and how to disintegrate the sediment in a environmentally safe procedure.

== '''Electrochemical Process''' ==
The more recent alternative solution to ship-recycling has turned to an electrochemical process. The aim of the electrochemical process is to decompose TBT. (Stichnothe). Rather than risk removing the sediment and possibly endangering or contaminating other locations in the process and/or preserving the contaminated ships, the electrochemical process seeks to eliminate the toxins where they are present.

== '''Scraping''' ==
Washing, scraping, and repainting of boat hulls may also cause harmful health effects on shipyard workers. (Gipperth)
== '''Alternate Paints''' ==
Could use other paints, however, most still contain a biocide which makes it ineffective. Also, the cost of using other compounds or metals is considerably more expensive. (Gipperth)
Higher cost of using alternative paints is not only due to high cost of paint itself but less effective antifouling paint requires more frequent repainting and hull cleanings and may increase fuel consumption, followed by loss in trading revenue while ships are dry-docked. (Gipperth)

Green Ships: Alternative Solutions

2015-06-04T20:30:44Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Relocate Toxic Sediments */

Green Ships: Alternative Solutions

2015-06-04T20:23:09Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Dry Docking */

Green Ships: Alternative Solutions

2015-06-04T20:17:09Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Mothballing */

Green Ships:Green Ship Countries

2015-06-04T20:08:16Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Regulation Status */

== '''India''' ==
=== '''Specific Harms''' ===
India is the world leader in shipwrecking by volume, State of Gujarat along beaches of Alang. (Dodds). As Alang, India is one of the prime countries involved in the ship-breaking industry, they are subject to many occupational dangers. '''(Link Occupational on the first page to this page)'''
Shipbreakers exposed to substances like asbestos, polychlorinated biphenyls, residual oil, and situations such as explosions and falling steel. (Puthucherril). Due to the profits that are obtained through ship steel and parts and the lack of [[Green Ships: Ship Breaking Regulations|legislative guidelines]] the workers are subject to exposed to many potential harms. There is no systematic training for the workforce, and injuries and fatalities are common.' Accidents where 15 men die at once are unfortunately common. (Dodds). In addition to the ship-breaking workers vulnerabilities to the toxins, the re-use of the recycled ship parts also endanger the people them from lack of proper sanitation. Most shipwrecking workers in SW Asia live in shanties made of recycled ship steel, the housing and sanitary conditions worsened by transient nature. (Dodds)
Alang is located right on the India Ocean, creating easy access for beaching the ships. Alang, is popular because it is located close to major trade routes, offer minimum transport distances, low-cost for labor-intensive work, insufficient or nonenforced legislative frameworks, ready made market for old ship components (pumps, generators, compressors, motors) refurbished and applied in emerging industrialized economies, conveniently large inter-tidal zones where high tides allow vessel to be beached under its own power. (Dodds) Though India is the prime leader in ship-breaking, this also causes them to be highly at risk for an increase in hazardous toxins, decreased occupational safety, and lack of environmental security.Reports from Alang beach indicate shipwrecking facilities heavily contaminated with heavy metals, asbestos, and TBT. (Dodds)

=== '''Regulation Status''' ===
== '''Bangladesh''' ==
=== '''Specific Harms''' ===
Since 1974, Bangladesh has had approximately 50 shipbreaking yards that have dismantled about 52 per cent of the end-of-life vessels above 200 dead weight tonnage in the world. (Alam). Like India, Bangladesh accounts for large amounts of ship-recycling. These yards supply 25–30 per cent of the country's total yearly demand for steel. (Alam). The ship-recycling operation is very beneficial to developing countries, specifically due to their poor economy making it difficult for them to purchase the parts if they were not recycled. As of 2012, Bangladesh demolished one and a half million tons of steel, more than the country currently has the ability to buy on the international market. (Alam)
Bangladesh (Environmental):
Poor legislation and the legislators idleness towards the ship-recycling industry has led to substandard or absence of environmental guidelines.
Despite the elusive size of the industry and its grave effects, there is no [[Green Ships: Ship Breaking Regulations|specific legal regulatory framework]] in Bangladesh to monitor this ongoing environmental damage. (Alam). The large governing environmental regulations are the Basel Convention and the Hong Kong Convention and many other smaller conventions, though it is unclear whether Bangladesh has chosen to endorse any of the conventions protocol.
Annexes I, II, IV and V to the MARPOL (Marine Pollution) Convention require the establishment of appropriate waste-reception facilities for the reception of ship-generated waste. (Alam)
However, Bangladesh has not ratified the relevant annexes of the MARPOL Convention. (Alam). It is very important for the ship-recycling facilities to personally develop environmentally sound obligations, it is also beneficial for ship exporters to simultaneously establish environmentally safe guidelines to further protect their own environment and the receiving countries environment as well.
EU Waste Shipment Regulation: Since the EU is a major exporter of end-of-life ships to substandard “dismantling and recycling” facilities in South Asia, the European legislation concerning this topic is of crucial importance. (Alam)

BANGLADESH (Occupational):
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is assembled of 171 states, including Bangladesh.The IMO's focus is largely based on shipping in general, though it does include environmental concerns, it does not clearly indicate ship-recycling environmental policies or occupational consideration. The According to Greenpeace, the IMO Guidelines are not adequate to protect workers or the environment partly because they do not contain effective mechanisms to monitor or ensure compliance nor do they provide adequate guidance for companies, courts and governments on how they should deal with the export of ships for scrapping in a manner, which is fully consistent with other existing international commitments. (Alam). There are apparent risks associated with ship-recycling, and although many are not properly fitted for the appropriate safety gear, many workers continue to employ in the ship-breaking operation.
The ILO (International Labor Guidelines) Guidelines for Asian Countries and Turkey, 2004, identified a list of common hazards in shipbreaking activities that are likely to cause injuries, death, ill health, diseases and incidents among the workers. (Alam). Due to the poor economy in parts of Bangladesh, many, if not all of the members of a family participate in ship-recycling, including children.
In the ship breaking area of Chittagong 10.94% labour are child (Photo: Reichmann, 2005) (Hossain). Unfortunately, due to the vast amount of work correlated with ship-recycling, many children discontinue their school education to participate in the ship-breaking process. Moreover, when the children cease their school education, they are unaware of the better and more advantageous opportunities they can achieve beyond ship-breaking and Bangladesh.
In the ship breaking yards a huge number of labour (46.42%) are illiterate and 43.02% labours are educated up to primary level. The huge uneducated labour force has less scope for better professional jobs within and outside the sector. The combination of lack of education through the school systems and inadequate training in the ship-recycling operations leads to a very narrow minded and restricted opportunity for the population in Bangladesh. Less accessibility to different opportunities including information for exercising rights, as they have almost no education and information (YPSA, 2005). (Hossain). Many of the males are involved in the ship-breaking process, to include young male children. The women and children are primarily involved with the filtering of the ship components that are removed and distributed for re-sale.
Woman filters asbestos into powder in workshop outside the shipbreaking yards, Bangladesh (FIDH, 2005) (Hossain)

=== '''Regulation Status''' ===
== '''China''' ==
=== '''Specific Harms''' ===
=== '''Regulation Status''' ===
The ship-recycling industry is comprised of four dominant countries, of those four, China has validated it's position as the only country to be within guidelines of a ratified convention.
ClassNK Tokyo Japan, released SOC (Statement of Compliance) to ship recycling facility in Jianmeng, China. (SOC). To date, no other ship recycling facility has received an official notice or recognition of being within conformity.
The SOC Certifies the ship recycling facility and it’s processes are compliant with Hong Kong Convention 2009. (SOC)
This marks the first time a ship recycling facility has received certification in line with Convention(SOC)

[[Green Ships: Alternative Solutions|Alternative Solutions]]

Green Ships:Green Ship Countries

2015-06-04T20:02:18Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Specific Harms */

== '''India''' ==
=== '''Specific Harms''' ===
India is the world leader in shipwrecking by volume, State of Gujarat along beaches of Alang. (Dodds). As Alang, India is one of the prime countries involved in the ship-breaking industry, they are subject to many occupational dangers. '''(Link Occupational on the first page to this page)'''
Shipbreakers exposed to substances like asbestos, polychlorinated biphenyls, residual oil, and situations such as explosions and falling steel. (Puthucherril). Due to the profits that are obtained through ship steel and parts and the lack of [[Green Ships: Ship Breaking Regulations|legislative guidelines]] the workers are subject to exposed to many potential harms. There is no systematic training for the workforce, and injuries and fatalities are common.' Accidents where 15 men die at once are unfortunately common. (Dodds). In addition to the ship-breaking workers vulnerabilities to the toxins, the re-use of the recycled ship parts also endanger the people them from lack of proper sanitation. Most shipwrecking workers in SW Asia live in shanties made of recycled ship steel, the housing and sanitary conditions worsened by transient nature. (Dodds)
Alang is located right on the India Ocean, creating easy access for beaching the ships. Alang, is popular because it is located close to major trade routes, offer minimum transport distances, low-cost for labor-intensive work, insufficient or nonenforced legislative frameworks, ready made market for old ship components (pumps, generators, compressors, motors) refurbished and applied in emerging industrialized economies, conveniently large inter-tidal zones where high tides allow vessel to be beached under its own power. (Dodds) Though India is the prime leader in ship-breaking, this also causes them to be highly at risk for an increase in hazardous toxins, decreased occupational safety, and lack of environmental security.Reports from Alang beach indicate shipwrecking facilities heavily contaminated with heavy metals, asbestos, and TBT. (Dodds)

=== '''Regulation Status''' ===
== '''Bangladesh''' ==
=== '''Specific Harms''' ===
Since 1974, Bangladesh has had approximately 50 shipbreaking yards that have dismantled about 52 per cent of the end-of-life vessels above 200 dead weight tonnage in the world. (Alam). Like India, Bangladesh accounts for large amounts of ship-recycling. These yards supply 25–30 per cent of the country's total yearly demand for steel. (Alam). The ship-recycling operation is very beneficial to developing countries, specifically due to their poor economy making it difficult for them to purchase the parts if they were not recycled. As of 2012, Bangladesh demolished one and a half million tons of steel, more than the country currently has the ability to buy on the international market. (Alam)
Bangladesh (Environmental):
Poor legislation and the legislators idleness towards the ship-recycling industry has led to substandard or absence of environmental guidelines.
Despite the elusive size of the industry and its grave effects, there is no [[Green Ships: Ship Breaking Regulations|specific legal regulatory framework]] in Bangladesh to monitor this ongoing environmental damage. (Alam). The large governing environmental regulations are the Basel Convention and the Hong Kong Convention and many other smaller conventions, though it is unclear whether Bangladesh has chosen to endorse any of the conventions protocol.
Annexes I, II, IV and V to the MARPOL (Marine Pollution) Convention require the establishment of appropriate waste-reception facilities for the reception of ship-generated waste. (Alam)
However, Bangladesh has not ratified the relevant annexes of the MARPOL Convention. (Alam). It is very important for the ship-recycling facilities to personally develop environmentally sound obligations, it is also beneficial for ship exporters to simultaneously establish environmentally safe guidelines to further protect their own environment and the receiving countries environment as well.
EU Waste Shipment Regulation: Since the EU is a major exporter of end-of-life ships to substandard “dismantling and recycling” facilities in South Asia, the European legislation concerning this topic is of crucial importance. (Alam)

BANGLADESH (Occupational):
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is assembled of 171 states, including Bangladesh.The IMO's focus is largely based on shipping in general, though it does include environmental concerns, it does not clearly indicate ship-recycling environmental policies or occupational consideration. The According to Greenpeace, the IMO Guidelines are not adequate to protect workers or the environment partly because they do not contain effective mechanisms to monitor or ensure compliance nor do they provide adequate guidance for companies, courts and governments on how they should deal with the export of ships for scrapping in a manner, which is fully consistent with other existing international commitments. (Alam). There are apparent risks associated with ship-recycling, and although many are not properly fitted for the appropriate safety gear, many workers continue to employ in the ship-breaking operation.
The ILO (International Labor Guidelines) Guidelines for Asian Countries and Turkey, 2004, identified a list of common hazards in shipbreaking activities that are likely to cause injuries, death, ill health, diseases and incidents among the workers. (Alam). Due to the poor economy in parts of Bangladesh, many, if not all of the members of a family participate in ship-recycling, including children.
In the ship breaking area of Chittagong 10.94% labour are child (Photo: Reichmann, 2005) (Hossain). Unfortunately, due to the vast amount of work correlated with ship-recycling, many children discontinue their school education to participate in the ship-breaking process. Moreover, when the children cease their school education, they are unaware of the better and more advantageous opportunities they can achieve beyond ship-breaking and Bangladesh.
In the ship breaking yards a huge number of labour (46.42%) are illiterate and 43.02% labours are educated up to primary level. The huge uneducated labour force has less scope for better professional jobs within and outside the sector. The combination of lack of education through the school systems and inadequate training in the ship-recycling operations leads to a very narrow minded and restricted opportunity for the population in Bangladesh. Less accessibility to different opportunities including information for exercising rights, as they have almost no education and information (YPSA, 2005). (Hossain). Many of the males are involved in the ship-breaking process, to include young male children. The women and children are primarily involved with the filtering of the ship components that are removed and distributed for re-sale.
Woman filters asbestos into powder in workshop outside the shipbreaking yards, Bangladesh (FIDH, 2005) (Hossain)

=== '''Regulation Status''' ===
== '''China''' ==
=== '''Specific Harms''' ===
=== '''Regulation Status''' ===
ClassNK Tokyo Japan, released SOC (Statement of Compliance) to ship recycling facility in Jianmeng, China. (SOC)
SOC Certifies the ship recycling facility and it’s processes are compliant with Hong Kong Convention 2009. (SOC)
Marks the first time a ship recycling facility has received certification in line with Convention(SOC)

[[Green Ships: Alternative Solutions|Alternative Solutions]]

Green Ships:Green Ship Countries

2015-06-04T07:41:30Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Specific Harms */

Green Ships

2015-06-04T07:23:06Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Environmental */

== '''General Harms''' ==
Ships serve many purposes, primarily to transport consumer goods. Ship owners unquestionably attempt to keep their ships in excellent condition both to refrain from expensive repair costs and to maximize its usage. Ships life span 20-25 years, end of 2000 average age of ships in cargo fleet was 19 years. (Dodds). It is more profitable for ship owners to recycle ships after about 20 years due to high cost of repairs and modifications to further extend life of ship. (Dodds)Difficult, near impossible to find cargo for older ships due to insurance companies refusing insurance coverage on cargo booked ships over 20 years old. (Dodds)
To maintain average, 1900 ships to be recycled each year, currently 500-700 ships scrapped annually. (Dodds)
Although ship owners go through great care to keep their ships operative, Ships are decommissioned when deemed no longer safe (steel becomes fatigued from rolling during trans-ocean voyages). (Dodds)
Though the steel becomes exhausted from extensive use during its lifetime, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and China recycle approximately 89% of ldt scrapped worldwide. (Dodds) Ship recycling costs are comparatively higher in the European Union (EU) and the United States of America (USA) than in Asia because of the strict regulations relating to environmental issues and [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|occupational safety]] and health issues. Thus, ship-recycling facilities in the EU and the USA are not economically viable. (Chang)
Greenpeace, the GMB union and Peter Mandelson, MP for Hartlepool, joined forces yesterday to urge the government to scrap all Britain's redundant warships at home instead of allowing the work to be done on beaches in south-east Asia. (Vidal)
While recycling ships is an excellent way to reuse and save materials for future use, especially in developing countries, the toxic materials applied to the ships is extremely dangerous if not treated or handled safely. Specifically, [[Green Ships: Green Ships|Tributyltin (TBT)]] is a very toxic substance used in anti fouling paints which is applied to the hulls of ships. Use of anti fouling paints containing TBT has been banned since 2003. (Stichnothe). The harmful effects from TBT on environmental and marine life was widely known, but due to it's large economic benefits and early implementation into paints, many of the ships were already painted in TBT based anti fouling paints. In 2004, 70-80% of world’s fleet covered in TBT self polishing copolymer paints, which led to important economic benefits. (Stichnothe).The ban on the use of TBT in 2003 did not take effect til much later and does not apply to all countries.
Though, possible countries not regulated by national or regional legislation will continue to use organotin compounds, specifically in national routes. (Stichnothe). TBT is largely settled into the sediment when it is anchored or beached. In most cases, ports and shipyards are near urban areas and presence disturbs activities such as recreation and fishing. (Stichnothe)

== '''Transport of Toxins''' ==
=== TBT===
Tributlytin is a an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment with tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). The implementation of TBT in anti-fouling paints was introduced in the 1950's. Tin, basic substance of TBT, is effective longer periods than copper which was normal additive at the time, but more poisonous and made it possible to postpone the need to repaint. (Gipperth). TBT was used on ship hulls to prevent attachment of marine organisms to hulls, “fouling”(Gipperth).The TBT based anti fouling paints proved to be very effective in preventing organisms from attaching to the hull of the ships. More importantly, these organisms were poisoned once attached to the hull and proceed to detach from the hull and become vulnerable once back in the body of water. Tributyltin is extremely stable and resistant to natural degradation in water, making TBT very toxic to adequate environments (Dodds). The marine life that becomes attached to the ships or becomes sustenance to other marine life face severe physiological effects. An endocrine disrupting chemical causing severe reproductive defects in aquatic organisms (tightly regulated in developed nations) (Dodds). TBT is very dangerous for many types of marine life. TBT compounds most toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, fish algae, mussels, mollusks and fungi. (Stichnothe). The contaminated marine life that is detached from the ship's hull not only becomes nourishment for other sea animals, but for humans as well causing adverse health effects. Consumption of contaminated seafood by humans can cause severe skin and mucous membranes irritation (Stichnothe). The ship's hull is rubbed against the sediment most when it is closer to shore and anchored. Most severely contaminated sites were commercial harbours and shipyards. (Evans). In a study conducted in the Puget Sound in Washington state, there were many high levels of TBT and contaminated marine life discovered. The worst contamination was at Anacortes shipyard and at site 1.3 km from it. (Evans). Many mollusks were found to have been physically altered due to the high level of TBT in the sediment. High imposex scores from shores close to Port of Seattle, which has complex shipyards and harbours. (Evans). Though the Port of Seattle has multiple shipyards and harbors, many other harbors were also found to have TBT contaminated sediment. Chemical and biological measures were at background levels within less than 2 km from shipyard in Anacortes and less than 8km from Port of Seattle. (Evans).Though many countries have banned the use of TBT due to its dangerous effects on environmental and aquatic life, many countries [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|lack strict or clear guidelines]] on the restriction or use of TBT. Increased recognition of problems with TBT, several countries in mid 1980’s implemented national legislation with specific intentions of limiting use of TBT (Gipperth). Though there was no required restrictions for banning TBT, fortunately, some countries took it upon themselves to apply their own set of guidelines. As concentration of TBT in water and sediment remained alarmingly high, mainly from pollution from ships flying non-Japanese flags, Japan actively imposed an international ban on TBT antifouling. (Gipperth). After 1988, state action was unnecessary to prohibit the use of TBT, which most likely accounts for the lack of TBT-specific legislation in the other states. Furthermore, because antifouling paints are generally considered pesticides subject to regulation under a state’s generic pesticide laws, specific legislation banning TBT may be considered redundant in some states (Gipperth).Though TBT paints more expensive, economic effects and arguments did not stop the quick change. (Gipperth).

=== Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB) ===
Ships are composed of many different components, many of which are covered in toxic substances that are dangerous to human health when they are in use and more so when they are removed as the toxic substances are being displaced. PCB’s can be found in electrical components, cables, vent ducts, misc. gaskets, insulation materials, adhesives, paint, and various rubber and plastic components. (Dodds). It is imperative PCB's be handled appropriately and safely to ensure environmental and human safety. Exposure to PCB’s creates significant risk of developing various cancers, affect immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Dodds). Like TBT, PCB's adversely affect human health through the exposure of the substance as well as ingestion of contaminated marine life. Most carciogenic PCB’s tend to build up in flesh of fish and other animals, those who eating contaminated fish face even greater health threat than shipwrecking industry workers. (Dodds).To protect environment, PCB’s must be properly incinerated or stored in special landfills where they will not leach into groundwater. (Dodds). Like many other toxic substances used, it seems the easy solution is to discontinue the use, however, the necessity for PCB's is needed until an alternative substance can be found. PCB’s used for high heat resistance, inflammability, chemical stability, and high boiling point. (Dodds).

=== Lead ===
Lead has been known and proven to cause severely dangerous effects on humans. In knowing the extremely harmful effects lead has on humans, it is continued to be used on parts commonly used in vessels. Lead is found in batteries, paints, and components of motors, generators, piping, and cables (Dodds). Lead has many similar and different detrimental effets on children and adults. Health effects of lead exposure in children cause: learning difficulties, mental retardation, delayed neurological and physical development. In adults, lead affects the nervous system, impairing hearing, vision, and muscle coordination. (Dodds).

=== Bilge Water ===
Bilge water is an oily waste which is an accumulation of potentially polluting liquids in lowest part of ships hull. During the mothballing or dismantling process, bilge water increases because of accumulated rainwater, cooling water, and containment water and used during ship breaking process. (Dodds). Bilge water contains a mixture of toxic substances that are applied to the ship and it's components. Bilge water contains oil, cargo residues, inorganix salts, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, and mercury (often spilt into ocean during shipwrecking process). Oil and other wastes threaten overall health and survival or many species and organisms, some of which are endangered.(Dodds)

=== Asbestos ===
Asbestos is another serious mineral that threatens human health when inhaled. Asbestos can be found in ship insulation, asbestos fibers pose serious health risk (cancers and lung diseases) to workers who inhale the fibers.(Dodds) Asbestos only known cause of mesothelioma which is cancer of lungs, chest cavity, and abdomen. (Dodds)

== '''Occupational'''==
Many of the ship-breaking facilities are located in developing countries, though unfortunately, many of the ship-breaking sites are more concerned with the profitability of the steel and ship parts than with the safety of the ship-breaking process. Subsequently, occupational safety and health issues emerge—particularly in association with the dismantling of beached ships in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Chang). Ship-breaking is a very dangerous process which entails exposure to harmful toxins, heavy, falling parts, and requires precaution using difficult tools. Ship recycling workers in these countries do not wear protective equipment such as: helmets, masks, goggles, and no signs of danger. (Chang). In addition to the lack of safety equipment, there is no required training or supplied training to educate the workers of the potential harms involved with the ship-breaking operation. Majority of workers have no training with blowtorches or with hazardous substances involved in ship recycling. (Chang). Moreover, the risk for inhaling noxious substances continues through the ship-breaking process and after when the parts are displaced. Toxic fumes released during blowtorch cutting process and afterwards paint and coatins continue to smolder. (Chang). Unfortunately, there is no structured training or protective equipment given to the ship breaking workers in these developing countries such as the ship breaking site in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Alang, India]], for that reason it is not uncommon for them to suffer from major accidents. The use in ship breaking in developing countries is especially harmful in terms of child labor laws due to lack of guidelines in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Bangladesh]].

== '''Environmental'''==
Many ships are covered in hazardous substances that endanger the environment. Carcinogenic and toxic substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ("PCBs"), asbestos, tributanlytin ("TBT"), lead, oil, and polluted ship water are released directly into the ocean. (Dodds). Though the use of TBT base anti-fouling paints have long been banned, the lingering effects of TBT are vry dangerous. Sediment contamination still in effect and endangers marine and estuarine quality of environment. (Stichnothe). Many studies have discovered an existence of TBT in commonly used waterways and a large presence of TBT in the sediment near ports. Typically, navigation channels show low levels of TBT compared to sediments in harbor locations, specifically close to dockyards. (Stichnothe). The use of TBT was to discourage the adhesion of marine life to the ship's hull, suggestively to preserve the lifetime of the marine organisms. Marine biofouling defined as undesirable accumulation of marine organisms on solid surfaces, i.e. ships hull or mechanical equipment, immersed in seawater. (Stichnothe). No matter the reasoning behind the application of TBT, the lasting effects, regardless of how minimal, are gravely destructive to the environment. Extremely low concentrations of TBT still greatly affect marine organisms. (Stichnothe)
1ng of TBT cause imposex and intersex on snails. (Stichnothe). In order to control the exposure of TBT within the sediment and during the ship-breaking process, many different environmentally safe processes will need to be invoked.
In ports, TBT is released to marine environment via ship hulls and only measure to prevent is replace with environmental friendly antifouling systems. (Stichnothe)
Although, little or no reduction of TBT concentrations were seen in sediments even after several years after TBT prohibition. (Stichnothe)

== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
[[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]

<ref>Plunkett, John. "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying", ''[[The Guardian]]'', London, 27 October 2005.</ref>

Green Ships

2015-06-04T07:08:10Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Occupational */

== '''General Harms''' ==
Ships serve many purposes, primarily to transport consumer goods. Ship owners unquestionably attempt to keep their ships in excellent condition both to refrain from expensive repair costs and to maximize its usage. Ships life span 20-25 years, end of 2000 average age of ships in cargo fleet was 19 years. (Dodds). It is more profitable for ship owners to recycle ships after about 20 years due to high cost of repairs and modifications to further extend life of ship. (Dodds)Difficult, near impossible to find cargo for older ships due to insurance companies refusing insurance coverage on cargo booked ships over 20 years old. (Dodds)
To maintain average, 1900 ships to be recycled each year, currently 500-700 ships scrapped annually. (Dodds)
Although ship owners go through great care to keep their ships operative, Ships are decommissioned when deemed no longer safe (steel becomes fatigued from rolling during trans-ocean voyages). (Dodds)
Though the steel becomes exhausted from extensive use during its lifetime, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and China recycle approximately 89% of ldt scrapped worldwide. (Dodds) Ship recycling costs are comparatively higher in the European Union (EU) and the United States of America (USA) than in Asia because of the strict regulations relating to environmental issues and [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|occupational safety]] and health issues. Thus, ship-recycling facilities in the EU and the USA are not economically viable. (Chang)
Greenpeace, the GMB union and Peter Mandelson, MP for Hartlepool, joined forces yesterday to urge the government to scrap all Britain's redundant warships at home instead of allowing the work to be done on beaches in south-east Asia. (Vidal)
While recycling ships is an excellent way to reuse and save materials for future use, especially in developing countries, the toxic materials applied to the ships is extremely dangerous if not treated or handled safely. Specifically, [[Green Ships: Green Ships|Tributyltin (TBT)]] is a very toxic substance used in anti fouling paints which is applied to the hulls of ships. Use of anti fouling paints containing TBT has been banned since 2003. (Stichnothe). The harmful effects from TBT on environmental and marine life was widely known, but due to it's large economic benefits and early implementation into paints, many of the ships were already painted in TBT based anti fouling paints. In 2004, 70-80% of world’s fleet covered in TBT self polishing copolymer paints, which led to important economic benefits. (Stichnothe).The ban on the use of TBT in 2003 did not take effect til much later and does not apply to all countries.
Though, possible countries not regulated by national or regional legislation will continue to use organotin compounds, specifically in national routes. (Stichnothe). TBT is largely settled into the sediment when it is anchored or beached. In most cases, ports and shipyards are near urban areas and presence disturbs activities such as recreation and fishing. (Stichnothe)

== '''Transport of Toxins''' ==
=== TBT===
Tributlytin is a an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment with tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). The implementation of TBT in anti-fouling paints was introduced in the 1950's. Tin, basic substance of TBT, is effective longer periods than copper which was normal additive at the time, but more poisonous and made it possible to postpone the need to repaint. (Gipperth). TBT was used on ship hulls to prevent attachment of marine organisms to hulls, “fouling”(Gipperth).The TBT based anti fouling paints proved to be very effective in preventing organisms from attaching to the hull of the ships. More importantly, these organisms were poisoned once attached to the hull and proceed to detach from the hull and become vulnerable once back in the body of water. Tributyltin is extremely stable and resistant to natural degradation in water, making TBT very toxic to adequate environments (Dodds). The marine life that becomes attached to the ships or becomes sustenance to other marine life face severe physiological effects. An endocrine disrupting chemical causing severe reproductive defects in aquatic organisms (tightly regulated in developed nations) (Dodds). TBT is very dangerous for many types of marine life. TBT compounds most toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, fish algae, mussels, mollusks and fungi. (Stichnothe). The contaminated marine life that is detached from the ship's hull not only becomes nourishment for other sea animals, but for humans as well causing adverse health effects. Consumption of contaminated seafood by humans can cause severe skin and mucous membranes irritation (Stichnothe). The ship's hull is rubbed against the sediment most when it is closer to shore and anchored. Most severely contaminated sites were commercial harbours and shipyards. (Evans). In a study conducted in the Puget Sound in Washington state, there were many high levels of TBT and contaminated marine life discovered. The worst contamination was at Anacortes shipyard and at site 1.3 km from it. (Evans). Many mollusks were found to have been physically altered due to the high level of TBT in the sediment. High imposex scores from shores close to Port of Seattle, which has complex shipyards and harbours. (Evans). Though the Port of Seattle has multiple shipyards and harbors, many other harbors were also found to have TBT contaminated sediment. Chemical and biological measures were at background levels within less than 2 km from shipyard in Anacortes and less than 8km from Port of Seattle. (Evans).Though many countries have banned the use of TBT due to its dangerous effects on environmental and aquatic life, many countries [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|lack strict or clear guidelines]] on the restriction or use of TBT. Increased recognition of problems with TBT, several countries in mid 1980’s implemented national legislation with specific intentions of limiting use of TBT (Gipperth). Though there was no required restrictions for banning TBT, fortunately, some countries took it upon themselves to apply their own set of guidelines. As concentration of TBT in water and sediment remained alarmingly high, mainly from pollution from ships flying non-Japanese flags, Japan actively imposed an international ban on TBT antifouling. (Gipperth). After 1988, state action was unnecessary to prohibit the use of TBT, which most likely accounts for the lack of TBT-specific legislation in the other states. Furthermore, because antifouling paints are generally considered pesticides subject to regulation under a state’s generic pesticide laws, specific legislation banning TBT may be considered redundant in some states (Gipperth).Though TBT paints more expensive, economic effects and arguments did not stop the quick change. (Gipperth).

=== Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB) ===
Ships are composed of many different components, many of which are covered in toxic substances that are dangerous to human health when they are in use and more so when they are removed as the toxic substances are being displaced. PCB’s can be found in electrical components, cables, vent ducts, misc. gaskets, insulation materials, adhesives, paint, and various rubber and plastic components. (Dodds). It is imperative PCB's be handled appropriately and safely to ensure environmental and human safety. Exposure to PCB’s creates significant risk of developing various cancers, affect immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Dodds). Like TBT, PCB's adversely affect human health through the exposure of the substance as well as ingestion of contaminated marine life. Most carciogenic PCB’s tend to build up in flesh of fish and other animals, those who eating contaminated fish face even greater health threat than shipwrecking industry workers. (Dodds).To protect environment, PCB’s must be properly incinerated or stored in special landfills where they will not leach into groundwater. (Dodds). Like many other toxic substances used, it seems the easy solution is to discontinue the use, however, the necessity for PCB's is needed until an alternative substance can be found. PCB’s used for high heat resistance, inflammability, chemical stability, and high boiling point. (Dodds).

=== Lead ===
Lead has been known and proven to cause severely dangerous effects on humans. In knowing the extremely harmful effects lead has on humans, it is continued to be used on parts commonly used in vessels. Lead is found in batteries, paints, and components of motors, generators, piping, and cables (Dodds). Lead has many similar and different detrimental effets on children and adults. Health effects of lead exposure in children cause: learning difficulties, mental retardation, delayed neurological and physical development. In adults, lead affects the nervous system, impairing hearing, vision, and muscle coordination. (Dodds).

=== Bilge Water ===
Bilge water is an oily waste which is an accumulation of potentially polluting liquids in lowest part of ships hull. During the mothballing or dismantling process, bilge water increases because of accumulated rainwater, cooling water, and containment water and used during ship breaking process. (Dodds). Bilge water contains a mixture of toxic substances that are applied to the ship and it's components. Bilge water contains oil, cargo residues, inorganix salts, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, and mercury (often spilt into ocean during shipwrecking process). Oil and other wastes threaten overall health and survival or many species and organisms, some of which are endangered.(Dodds)

=== Asbestos ===
Asbestos is another serious mineral that threatens human health when inhaled. Asbestos can be found in ship insulation, asbestos fibers pose serious health risk (cancers and lung diseases) to workers who inhale the fibers.(Dodds) Asbestos only known cause of mesothelioma which is cancer of lungs, chest cavity, and abdomen. (Dodds)

== '''Occupational'''==
Many of the ship-breaking facilities are located in developing countries, though unfortunately, many of the ship-breaking sites are more concerned with the profitability of the steel and ship parts than with the safety of the ship-breaking process. Subsequently, occupational safety and health issues emerge—particularly in association with the dismantling of beached ships in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Chang). Ship-breaking is a very dangerous process which entails exposure to harmful toxins, heavy, falling parts, and requires precaution using difficult tools. Ship recycling workers in these countries do not wear protective equipment such as: helmets, masks, goggles, and no signs of danger. (Chang). In addition to the lack of safety equipment, there is no required training or supplied training to educate the workers of the potential harms involved with the ship-breaking operation. Majority of workers have no training with blowtorches or with hazardous substances involved in ship recycling. (Chang). Moreover, the risk for inhaling noxious substances continues through the ship-breaking process and after when the parts are displaced. Toxic fumes released during blowtorch cutting process and afterwards paint and coatins continue to smolder. (Chang). Unfortunately, there is no structured training or protective equipment given to the ship breaking workers in these developing countries such as the ship breaking site in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Alang, India]], for that reason it is not uncommon for them to suffer from major accidents. The use in ship breaking in developing countries is especially harmful in terms of child labor laws due to lack of guidelines in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Bangladesh]].

== '''Environmental'''==
carcinogenic and toxic substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ("PCBs"), asbestos, tributanlytin ("TBT"), lead, oil, and polluted ship water are released directly into the ocean. (Dodds). Sediment contamination still in effect and endangers marine and estuarine quality of environment . (Stichnothe)
Typically, navigation channels show low levels of TBT compared to sediments in harbor locations, specifically close to dockyards. (Stichnothe)
Marine biofouling defined as undesirable accumulation of marine organisms on solid surfaces, i.e. ships hull or mechanical equipment, immersed in seawater. (Stichnothe)
Extremely low concentrations of TBT still greatly affect marine organisms. (Stichnothe)
1ng of TBT cause imposex and intersex on snails. (Stichnothe)
Most important sites of pollution of TBT near coasts, especially after prohibition of use on vessels are ports, harbors, and shipyards. (Stichnothe)
In ports, TBT is released to marine environment via ship hulls and only measure to prevent is replace with environmental friendly antifouling systems. (Stichnothe)
Restriction of TBT use on vessels, concentration of TBT were reduced especially in enclosed waterways and estuaries dominated by such ships. (Stichnothe)
Although, little or no reduction of TBT concentrations were seen in sediments even after several years after TBT prohibition. (Stichnothe)

== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
[[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]

<ref>Plunkett, John. "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying", ''[[The Guardian]]'', London, 27 October 2005.</ref>

Green Ships

2015-06-04T06:53:33Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Occupational */

== '''General Harms''' ==
Ships serve many purposes, primarily to transport consumer goods. Ship owners unquestionably attempt to keep their ships in excellent condition both to refrain from expensive repair costs and to maximize its usage. Ships life span 20-25 years, end of 2000 average age of ships in cargo fleet was 19 years. (Dodds). It is more profitable for ship owners to recycle ships after about 20 years due to high cost of repairs and modifications to further extend life of ship. (Dodds)Difficult, near impossible to find cargo for older ships due to insurance companies refusing insurance coverage on cargo booked ships over 20 years old. (Dodds)
To maintain average, 1900 ships to be recycled each year, currently 500-700 ships scrapped annually. (Dodds)
Although ship owners go through great care to keep their ships operative, Ships are decommissioned when deemed no longer safe (steel becomes fatigued from rolling during trans-ocean voyages). (Dodds)
Though the steel becomes exhausted from extensive use during its lifetime, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and China recycle approximately 89% of ldt scrapped worldwide. (Dodds) Ship recycling costs are comparatively higher in the European Union (EU) and the United States of America (USA) than in Asia because of the strict regulations relating to environmental issues and [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|occupational safety]] and health issues. Thus, ship-recycling facilities in the EU and the USA are not economically viable. (Chang)
Greenpeace, the GMB union and Peter Mandelson, MP for Hartlepool, joined forces yesterday to urge the government to scrap all Britain's redundant warships at home instead of allowing the work to be done on beaches in south-east Asia. (Vidal)
While recycling ships is an excellent way to reuse and save materials for future use, especially in developing countries, the toxic materials applied to the ships is extremely dangerous if not treated or handled safely. Specifically, [[Green Ships: Green Ships|Tributyltin (TBT)]] is a very toxic substance used in anti fouling paints which is applied to the hulls of ships. Use of anti fouling paints containing TBT has been banned since 2003. (Stichnothe). The harmful effects from TBT on environmental and marine life was widely known, but due to it's large economic benefits and early implementation into paints, many of the ships were already painted in TBT based anti fouling paints. In 2004, 70-80% of world’s fleet covered in TBT self polishing copolymer paints, which led to important economic benefits. (Stichnothe).The ban on the use of TBT in 2003 did not take effect til much later and does not apply to all countries.
Though, possible countries not regulated by national or regional legislation will continue to use organotin compounds, specifically in national routes. (Stichnothe). TBT is largely settled into the sediment when it is anchored or beached. In most cases, ports and shipyards are near urban areas and presence disturbs activities such as recreation and fishing. (Stichnothe)

== '''Transport of Toxins''' ==
=== TBT===
Tributlytin is a an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment with tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). The implementation of TBT in anti-fouling paints was introduced in the 1950's. Tin, basic substance of TBT, is effective longer periods than copper which was normal additive at the time, but more poisonous and made it possible to postpone the need to repaint. (Gipperth). TBT was used on ship hulls to prevent attachment of marine organisms to hulls, “fouling”(Gipperth).The TBT based anti fouling paints proved to be very effective in preventing organisms from attaching to the hull of the ships. More importantly, these organisms were poisoned once attached to the hull and proceed to detach from the hull and become vulnerable once back in the body of water. Tributyltin is extremely stable and resistant to natural degradation in water, making TBT very toxic to adequate environments (Dodds). The marine life that becomes attached to the ships or becomes sustenance to other marine life face severe physiological effects. An endocrine disrupting chemical causing severe reproductive defects in aquatic organisms (tightly regulated in developed nations) (Dodds). TBT is very dangerous for many types of marine life. TBT compounds most toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, fish algae, mussels, mollusks and fungi. (Stichnothe). The contaminated marine life that is detached from the ship's hull not only becomes nourishment for other sea animals, but for humans as well causing adverse health effects. Consumption of contaminated seafood by humans can cause severe skin and mucous membranes irritation (Stichnothe). The ship's hull is rubbed against the sediment most when it is closer to shore and anchored. Most severely contaminated sites were commercial harbours and shipyards. (Evans). In a study conducted in the Puget Sound in Washington state, there were many high levels of TBT and contaminated marine life discovered. The worst contamination was at Anacortes shipyard and at site 1.3 km from it. (Evans). Many mollusks were found to have been physically altered due to the high level of TBT in the sediment. High imposex scores from shores close to Port of Seattle, which has complex shipyards and harbours. (Evans). Though the Port of Seattle has multiple shipyards and harbors, many other harbors were also found to have TBT contaminated sediment. Chemical and biological measures were at background levels within less than 2 km from shipyard in Anacortes and less than 8km from Port of Seattle. (Evans).Though many countries have banned the use of TBT due to its dangerous effects on environmental and aquatic life, many countries [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|lack strict or clear guidelines]] on the restriction or use of TBT. Increased recognition of problems with TBT, several countries in mid 1980’s implemented national legislation with specific intentions of limiting use of TBT (Gipperth). Though there was no required restrictions for banning TBT, fortunately, some countries took it upon themselves to apply their own set of guidelines. As concentration of TBT in water and sediment remained alarmingly high, mainly from pollution from ships flying non-Japanese flags, Japan actively imposed an international ban on TBT antifouling. (Gipperth). After 1988, state action was unnecessary to prohibit the use of TBT, which most likely accounts for the lack of TBT-specific legislation in the other states. Furthermore, because antifouling paints are generally considered pesticides subject to regulation under a state’s generic pesticide laws, specific legislation banning TBT may be considered redundant in some states (Gipperth).Though TBT paints more expensive, economic effects and arguments did not stop the quick change. (Gipperth).

=== Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB) ===
Ships are composed of many different components, many of which are covered in toxic substances that are dangerous to human health when they are in use and more so when they are removed as the toxic substances are being displaced. PCB’s can be found in electrical components, cables, vent ducts, misc. gaskets, insulation materials, adhesives, paint, and various rubber and plastic components. (Dodds). It is imperative PCB's be handled appropriately and safely to ensure environmental and human safety. Exposure to PCB’s creates significant risk of developing various cancers, affect immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Dodds). Like TBT, PCB's adversely affect human health through the exposure of the substance as well as ingestion of contaminated marine life. Most carciogenic PCB’s tend to build up in flesh of fish and other animals, those who eating contaminated fish face even greater health threat than shipwrecking industry workers. (Dodds).To protect environment, PCB’s must be properly incinerated or stored in special landfills where they will not leach into groundwater. (Dodds). Like many other toxic substances used, it seems the easy solution is to discontinue the use, however, the necessity for PCB's is needed until an alternative substance can be found. PCB’s used for high heat resistance, inflammability, chemical stability, and high boiling point. (Dodds).

=== Lead ===
Lead has been known and proven to cause severely dangerous effects on humans. In knowing the extremely harmful effects lead has on humans, it is continued to be used on parts commonly used in vessels. Lead is found in batteries, paints, and components of motors, generators, piping, and cables (Dodds). Lead has many similar and different detrimental effets on children and adults. Health effects of lead exposure in children cause: learning difficulties, mental retardation, delayed neurological and physical development. In adults, lead affects the nervous system, impairing hearing, vision, and muscle coordination. (Dodds).

=== Bilge Water ===
Bilge water is an oily waste which is an accumulation of potentially polluting liquids in lowest part of ships hull. During the mothballing or dismantling process, bilge water increases because of accumulated rainwater, cooling water, and containment water and used during ship breaking process. (Dodds). Bilge water contains a mixture of toxic substances that are applied to the ship and it's components. Bilge water contains oil, cargo residues, inorganix salts, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, and mercury (often spilt into ocean during shipwrecking process). Oil and other wastes threaten overall health and survival or many species and organisms, some of which are endangered.(Dodds)

=== Asbestos ===
Asbestos is another serious mineral that threatens human health when inhaled. Asbestos can be found in ship insulation, asbestos fibers pose serious health risk (cancers and lung diseases) to workers who inhale the fibers.(Dodds) Asbestos only known cause of mesothelioma which is cancer of lungs, chest cavity, and abdomen. (Dodds)

== '''Occupational'''==
Many of the ship-breaking facilities are located in developing countries Subsequently, occupational safety and health issues emerge—particularly in association with the dismantling of beached ships in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Chang). Ship recycling workers in these countries do not wear protective equipment (helmets, masks, goggles, no signs of danger). (Chang). Majority of workers have no training with blowtorches or with hazardous substances involved in ship recycling. (Chang). Toxic fumes released during blowtorch cutting process and afterwards paint and coatins continue to smolder. (Chang). Unfortunately, there is no structured training or protective equipment given to the ship breaking workers in these developing countries such as the ship breaking site in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Alang, India]], for that reason it is not uncommon for them to suffer from major accidents. The use in ship breaking in developing countries is especially harmful in terms of child labor laws due to lack of guidelines in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Bangladesh]].

== '''Environmental'''==
carcinogenic and toxic substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ("PCBs"), asbestos, tributanlytin ("TBT"), lead, oil, and polluted ship water are released directly into the ocean. (Dodds). Sediment contamination still in effect and endangers marine and estuarine quality of environment . (Stichnothe)
Typically, navigation channels show low levels of TBT compared to sediments in harbor locations, specifically close to dockyards. (Stichnothe)
Marine biofouling defined as undesirable accumulation of marine organisms on solid surfaces, i.e. ships hull or mechanical equipment, immersed in seawater. (Stichnothe)
Extremely low concentrations of TBT still greatly affect marine organisms. (Stichnothe)
1ng of TBT cause imposex and intersex on snails. (Stichnothe)
Most important sites of pollution of TBT near coasts, especially after prohibition of use on vessels are ports, harbors, and shipyards. (Stichnothe)
In ports, TBT is released to marine environment via ship hulls and only measure to prevent is replace with environmental friendly antifouling systems. (Stichnothe)
Restriction of TBT use on vessels, concentration of TBT were reduced especially in enclosed waterways and estuaries dominated by such ships. (Stichnothe)
Although, little or no reduction of TBT concentrations were seen in sediments even after several years after TBT prohibition. (Stichnothe)

== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
[[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]

<ref>Plunkett, John. "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying", ''[[The Guardian]]'', London, 27 October 2005.</ref>

Green Ships

2015-06-04T06:52:34Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Asbestos */

== '''General Harms''' ==
Ships serve many purposes, primarily to transport consumer goods. Ship owners unquestionably attempt to keep their ships in excellent condition both to refrain from expensive repair costs and to maximize its usage. Ships life span 20-25 years, end of 2000 average age of ships in cargo fleet was 19 years. (Dodds). It is more profitable for ship owners to recycle ships after about 20 years due to high cost of repairs and modifications to further extend life of ship. (Dodds)Difficult, near impossible to find cargo for older ships due to insurance companies refusing insurance coverage on cargo booked ships over 20 years old. (Dodds)
To maintain average, 1900 ships to be recycled each year, currently 500-700 ships scrapped annually. (Dodds)
Although ship owners go through great care to keep their ships operative, Ships are decommissioned when deemed no longer safe (steel becomes fatigued from rolling during trans-ocean voyages). (Dodds)
Though the steel becomes exhausted from extensive use during its lifetime, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and China recycle approximately 89% of ldt scrapped worldwide. (Dodds) Ship recycling costs are comparatively higher in the European Union (EU) and the United States of America (USA) than in Asia because of the strict regulations relating to environmental issues and [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|occupational safety]] and health issues. Thus, ship-recycling facilities in the EU and the USA are not economically viable. (Chang)
Greenpeace, the GMB union and Peter Mandelson, MP for Hartlepool, joined forces yesterday to urge the government to scrap all Britain's redundant warships at home instead of allowing the work to be done on beaches in south-east Asia. (Vidal)
While recycling ships is an excellent way to reuse and save materials for future use, especially in developing countries, the toxic materials applied to the ships is extremely dangerous if not treated or handled safely. Specifically, [[Green Ships: Green Ships|Tributyltin (TBT)]] is a very toxic substance used in anti fouling paints which is applied to the hulls of ships. Use of anti fouling paints containing TBT has been banned since 2003. (Stichnothe). The harmful effects from TBT on environmental and marine life was widely known, but due to it's large economic benefits and early implementation into paints, many of the ships were already painted in TBT based anti fouling paints. In 2004, 70-80% of world’s fleet covered in TBT self polishing copolymer paints, which led to important economic benefits. (Stichnothe).The ban on the use of TBT in 2003 did not take effect til much later and does not apply to all countries.
Though, possible countries not regulated by national or regional legislation will continue to use organotin compounds, specifically in national routes. (Stichnothe). TBT is largely settled into the sediment when it is anchored or beached. In most cases, ports and shipyards are near urban areas and presence disturbs activities such as recreation and fishing. (Stichnothe)

== '''Transport of Toxins''' ==
=== TBT===
Tributlytin is a an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment with tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). The implementation of TBT in anti-fouling paints was introduced in the 1950's. Tin, basic substance of TBT, is effective longer periods than copper which was normal additive at the time, but more poisonous and made it possible to postpone the need to repaint. (Gipperth). TBT was used on ship hulls to prevent attachment of marine organisms to hulls, “fouling”(Gipperth).The TBT based anti fouling paints proved to be very effective in preventing organisms from attaching to the hull of the ships. More importantly, these organisms were poisoned once attached to the hull and proceed to detach from the hull and become vulnerable once back in the body of water. Tributyltin is extremely stable and resistant to natural degradation in water, making TBT very toxic to adequate environments (Dodds). The marine life that becomes attached to the ships or becomes sustenance to other marine life face severe physiological effects. An endocrine disrupting chemical causing severe reproductive defects in aquatic organisms (tightly regulated in developed nations) (Dodds). TBT is very dangerous for many types of marine life. TBT compounds most toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, fish algae, mussels, mollusks and fungi. (Stichnothe). The contaminated marine life that is detached from the ship's hull not only becomes nourishment for other sea animals, but for humans as well causing adverse health effects. Consumption of contaminated seafood by humans can cause severe skin and mucous membranes irritation (Stichnothe). The ship's hull is rubbed against the sediment most when it is closer to shore and anchored. Most severely contaminated sites were commercial harbours and shipyards. (Evans). In a study conducted in the Puget Sound in Washington state, there were many high levels of TBT and contaminated marine life discovered. The worst contamination was at Anacortes shipyard and at site 1.3 km from it. (Evans). Many mollusks were found to have been physically altered due to the high level of TBT in the sediment. High imposex scores from shores close to Port of Seattle, which has complex shipyards and harbours. (Evans). Though the Port of Seattle has multiple shipyards and harbors, many other harbors were also found to have TBT contaminated sediment. Chemical and biological measures were at background levels within less than 2 km from shipyard in Anacortes and less than 8km from Port of Seattle. (Evans).Though many countries have banned the use of TBT due to its dangerous effects on environmental and aquatic life, many countries [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|lack strict or clear guidelines]] on the restriction or use of TBT. Increased recognition of problems with TBT, several countries in mid 1980’s implemented national legislation with specific intentions of limiting use of TBT (Gipperth). Though there was no required restrictions for banning TBT, fortunately, some countries took it upon themselves to apply their own set of guidelines. As concentration of TBT in water and sediment remained alarmingly high, mainly from pollution from ships flying non-Japanese flags, Japan actively imposed an international ban on TBT antifouling. (Gipperth). After 1988, state action was unnecessary to prohibit the use of TBT, which most likely accounts for the lack of TBT-specific legislation in the other states. Furthermore, because antifouling paints are generally considered pesticides subject to regulation under a state’s generic pesticide laws, specific legislation banning TBT may be considered redundant in some states (Gipperth).Though TBT paints more expensive, economic effects and arguments did not stop the quick change. (Gipperth).

=== Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB) ===
Ships are composed of many different components, many of which are covered in toxic substances that are dangerous to human health when they are in use and more so when they are removed as the toxic substances are being displaced. PCB’s can be found in electrical components, cables, vent ducts, misc. gaskets, insulation materials, adhesives, paint, and various rubber and plastic components. (Dodds). It is imperative PCB's be handled appropriately and safely to ensure environmental and human safety. Exposure to PCB’s creates significant risk of developing various cancers, affect immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Dodds). Like TBT, PCB's adversely affect human health through the exposure of the substance as well as ingestion of contaminated marine life. Most carciogenic PCB’s tend to build up in flesh of fish and other animals, those who eating contaminated fish face even greater health threat than shipwrecking industry workers. (Dodds).To protect environment, PCB’s must be properly incinerated or stored in special landfills where they will not leach into groundwater. (Dodds). Like many other toxic substances used, it seems the easy solution is to discontinue the use, however, the necessity for PCB's is needed until an alternative substance can be found. PCB’s used for high heat resistance, inflammability, chemical stability, and high boiling point. (Dodds).

=== Lead ===
Lead has been known and proven to cause severely dangerous effects on humans. In knowing the extremely harmful effects lead has on humans, it is continued to be used on parts commonly used in vessels. Lead is found in batteries, paints, and components of motors, generators, piping, and cables (Dodds). Lead has many similar and different detrimental effets on children and adults. Health effects of lead exposure in children cause: learning difficulties, mental retardation, delayed neurological and physical development. In adults, lead affects the nervous system, impairing hearing, vision, and muscle coordination. (Dodds).

=== Bilge Water ===
Bilge water is an oily waste which is an accumulation of potentially polluting liquids in lowest part of ships hull. During the mothballing or dismantling process, bilge water increases because of accumulated rainwater, cooling water, and containment water and used during ship breaking process. (Dodds). Bilge water contains a mixture of toxic substances that are applied to the ship and it's components. Bilge water contains oil, cargo residues, inorganix salts, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, and mercury (often spilt into ocean during shipwrecking process). Oil and other wastes threaten overall health and survival or many species and organisms, some of which are endangered.(Dodds)

=== Asbestos ===
Asbestos is another serious mineral that threatens human health when inhaled. Asbestos can be found in ship insulation, asbestos fibers pose serious health risk (cancers and lung diseases) to workers who inhale the fibers.(Dodds) Asbestos only known cause of mesothelioma which is cancer of lungs, chest cavity, and abdomen. (Dodds)

== '''Occupational'''==
Subsequently, occupational safety and health issues emerge—particularly in association with the dismantling of beached ships in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Chang). Ship recycling workers in these countries do not wear protective equipment (helmets, masks, goggles, no signs of danger). (Chang). Majority of workers have no training with blowtorches or with hazardous substances involved in ship recycling. (Chang). Toxic fumes released during blowtorch cutting process and afterwards paint and coatins continue to smolder. (Chang). Unfortunately, there is no structured training or protective equipment given to the ship breaking workers in these developing countries such as the ship breaking site in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Alang, India]], for that reason it is not uncommon for them to suffer from major accidents. The use in ship breaking in developing countries is especially harmful in terms of child labor laws due to lack of guidelines in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Bangladesh]].

== '''Environmental'''==
carcinogenic and toxic substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ("PCBs"), asbestos, tributanlytin ("TBT"), lead, oil, and polluted ship water are released directly into the ocean. (Dodds). Sediment contamination still in effect and endangers marine and estuarine quality of environment . (Stichnothe)
Typically, navigation channels show low levels of TBT compared to sediments in harbor locations, specifically close to dockyards. (Stichnothe)
Marine biofouling defined as undesirable accumulation of marine organisms on solid surfaces, i.e. ships hull or mechanical equipment, immersed in seawater. (Stichnothe)
Extremely low concentrations of TBT still greatly affect marine organisms. (Stichnothe)
1ng of TBT cause imposex and intersex on snails. (Stichnothe)
Most important sites of pollution of TBT near coasts, especially after prohibition of use on vessels are ports, harbors, and shipyards. (Stichnothe)
In ports, TBT is released to marine environment via ship hulls and only measure to prevent is replace with environmental friendly antifouling systems. (Stichnothe)
Restriction of TBT use on vessels, concentration of TBT were reduced especially in enclosed waterways and estuaries dominated by such ships. (Stichnothe)
Although, little or no reduction of TBT concentrations were seen in sediments even after several years after TBT prohibition. (Stichnothe)

== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
[[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]

<ref>Plunkett, John. "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying", ''[[The Guardian]]'', London, 27 October 2005.</ref>

Green Ships

2015-06-04T06:49:39Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Bilge Water */

== '''General Harms''' ==
Ships serve many purposes, primarily to transport consumer goods. Ship owners unquestionably attempt to keep their ships in excellent condition both to refrain from expensive repair costs and to maximize its usage. Ships life span 20-25 years, end of 2000 average age of ships in cargo fleet was 19 years. (Dodds). It is more profitable for ship owners to recycle ships after about 20 years due to high cost of repairs and modifications to further extend life of ship. (Dodds)Difficult, near impossible to find cargo for older ships due to insurance companies refusing insurance coverage on cargo booked ships over 20 years old. (Dodds)
To maintain average, 1900 ships to be recycled each year, currently 500-700 ships scrapped annually. (Dodds)
Although ship owners go through great care to keep their ships operative, Ships are decommissioned when deemed no longer safe (steel becomes fatigued from rolling during trans-ocean voyages). (Dodds)
Though the steel becomes exhausted from extensive use during its lifetime, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and China recycle approximately 89% of ldt scrapped worldwide. (Dodds) Ship recycling costs are comparatively higher in the European Union (EU) and the United States of America (USA) than in Asia because of the strict regulations relating to environmental issues and [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|occupational safety]] and health issues. Thus, ship-recycling facilities in the EU and the USA are not economically viable. (Chang)
Greenpeace, the GMB union and Peter Mandelson, MP for Hartlepool, joined forces yesterday to urge the government to scrap all Britain's redundant warships at home instead of allowing the work to be done on beaches in south-east Asia. (Vidal)
While recycling ships is an excellent way to reuse and save materials for future use, especially in developing countries, the toxic materials applied to the ships is extremely dangerous if not treated or handled safely. Specifically, [[Green Ships: Green Ships|Tributyltin (TBT)]] is a very toxic substance used in anti fouling paints which is applied to the hulls of ships. Use of anti fouling paints containing TBT has been banned since 2003. (Stichnothe). The harmful effects from TBT on environmental and marine life was widely known, but due to it's large economic benefits and early implementation into paints, many of the ships were already painted in TBT based anti fouling paints. In 2004, 70-80% of world’s fleet covered in TBT self polishing copolymer paints, which led to important economic benefits. (Stichnothe).The ban on the use of TBT in 2003 did not take effect til much later and does not apply to all countries.
Though, possible countries not regulated by national or regional legislation will continue to use organotin compounds, specifically in national routes. (Stichnothe). TBT is largely settled into the sediment when it is anchored or beached. In most cases, ports and shipyards are near urban areas and presence disturbs activities such as recreation and fishing. (Stichnothe)

== '''Transport of Toxins''' ==
=== TBT===
Tributlytin is a an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment with tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). The implementation of TBT in anti-fouling paints was introduced in the 1950's. Tin, basic substance of TBT, is effective longer periods than copper which was normal additive at the time, but more poisonous and made it possible to postpone the need to repaint. (Gipperth). TBT was used on ship hulls to prevent attachment of marine organisms to hulls, “fouling”(Gipperth).The TBT based anti fouling paints proved to be very effective in preventing organisms from attaching to the hull of the ships. More importantly, these organisms were poisoned once attached to the hull and proceed to detach from the hull and become vulnerable once back in the body of water. Tributyltin is extremely stable and resistant to natural degradation in water, making TBT very toxic to adequate environments (Dodds). The marine life that becomes attached to the ships or becomes sustenance to other marine life face severe physiological effects. An endocrine disrupting chemical causing severe reproductive defects in aquatic organisms (tightly regulated in developed nations) (Dodds). TBT is very dangerous for many types of marine life. TBT compounds most toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, fish algae, mussels, mollusks and fungi. (Stichnothe). The contaminated marine life that is detached from the ship's hull not only becomes nourishment for other sea animals, but for humans as well causing adverse health effects. Consumption of contaminated seafood by humans can cause severe skin and mucous membranes irritation (Stichnothe). The ship's hull is rubbed against the sediment most when it is closer to shore and anchored. Most severely contaminated sites were commercial harbours and shipyards. (Evans). In a study conducted in the Puget Sound in Washington state, there were many high levels of TBT and contaminated marine life discovered. The worst contamination was at Anacortes shipyard and at site 1.3 km from it. (Evans). Many mollusks were found to have been physically altered due to the high level of TBT in the sediment. High imposex scores from shores close to Port of Seattle, which has complex shipyards and harbours. (Evans). Though the Port of Seattle has multiple shipyards and harbors, many other harbors were also found to have TBT contaminated sediment. Chemical and biological measures were at background levels within less than 2 km from shipyard in Anacortes and less than 8km from Port of Seattle. (Evans).Though many countries have banned the use of TBT due to its dangerous effects on environmental and aquatic life, many countries [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|lack strict or clear guidelines]] on the restriction or use of TBT. Increased recognition of problems with TBT, several countries in mid 1980’s implemented national legislation with specific intentions of limiting use of TBT (Gipperth). Though there was no required restrictions for banning TBT, fortunately, some countries took it upon themselves to apply their own set of guidelines. As concentration of TBT in water and sediment remained alarmingly high, mainly from pollution from ships flying non-Japanese flags, Japan actively imposed an international ban on TBT antifouling. (Gipperth). After 1988, state action was unnecessary to prohibit the use of TBT, which most likely accounts for the lack of TBT-specific legislation in the other states. Furthermore, because antifouling paints are generally considered pesticides subject to regulation under a state’s generic pesticide laws, specific legislation banning TBT may be considered redundant in some states (Gipperth).Though TBT paints more expensive, economic effects and arguments did not stop the quick change. (Gipperth).

=== Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB) ===
Ships are composed of many different components, many of which are covered in toxic substances that are dangerous to human health when they are in use and more so when they are removed as the toxic substances are being displaced. PCB’s can be found in electrical components, cables, vent ducts, misc. gaskets, insulation materials, adhesives, paint, and various rubber and plastic components. (Dodds). It is imperative PCB's be handled appropriately and safely to ensure environmental and human safety. Exposure to PCB’s creates significant risk of developing various cancers, affect immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Dodds). Like TBT, PCB's adversely affect human health through the exposure of the substance as well as ingestion of contaminated marine life. Most carciogenic PCB’s tend to build up in flesh of fish and other animals, those who eating contaminated fish face even greater health threat than shipwrecking industry workers. (Dodds).To protect environment, PCB’s must be properly incinerated or stored in special landfills where they will not leach into groundwater. (Dodds). Like many other toxic substances used, it seems the easy solution is to discontinue the use, however, the necessity for PCB's is needed until an alternative substance can be found. PCB’s used for high heat resistance, inflammability, chemical stability, and high boiling point. (Dodds).

=== Lead ===
Lead has been known and proven to cause severely dangerous effects on humans. In knowing the extremely harmful effects lead has on humans, it is continued to be used on parts commonly used in vessels. Lead is found in batteries, paints, and components of motors, generators, piping, and cables (Dodds). Lead has many similar and different detrimental effets on children and adults. Health effects of lead exposure in children cause: learning difficulties, mental retardation, delayed neurological and physical development. In adults, lead affects the nervous system, impairing hearing, vision, and muscle coordination. (Dodds).

=== Bilge Water ===
Bilge water is an oily waste which is an accumulation of potentially polluting liquids in lowest part of ships hull. During the mothballing or dismantling process, bilge water increases because of accumulated rainwater, cooling water, and containment water and used during ship breaking process. (Dodds). Bilge water contains a mixture of toxic substances that are applied to the ship and it's components. Bilge water contains oil, cargo residues, inorganix salts, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, and mercury (often spilt into ocean during shipwrecking process). Oil and other wastes threaten overall health and survival or many species and organisms, some of which are endangered.(Dodds)

=== Asbestos ===
Asbestos found in ship insulation, asbestos fibers pose serious health risk (cancers and lung diseases) to workers who inhale the fibers. Asbestos only known cause of mesothelioma- cancer of lungs, chest cavity, and abdomen.
== '''Occupational'''==
Subsequently, occupational safety and health issues emerge—particularly in association with the dismantling of beached ships in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Chang). Ship recycling workers in these countries do not wear protective equipment (helmets, masks, goggles, no signs of danger). (Chang). Majority of workers have no training with blowtorches or with hazardous substances involved in ship recycling. (Chang). Toxic fumes released during blowtorch cutting process and afterwards paint and coatins continue to smolder. (Chang). Unfortunately, there is no structured training or protective equipment given to the ship breaking workers in these developing countries such as the ship breaking site in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Alang, India]], for that reason it is not uncommon for them to suffer from major accidents. The use in ship breaking in developing countries is especially harmful in terms of child labor laws due to lack of guidelines in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Bangladesh]].

== '''Environmental'''==
carcinogenic and toxic substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ("PCBs"), asbestos, tributanlytin ("TBT"), lead, oil, and polluted ship water are released directly into the ocean. (Dodds). Sediment contamination still in effect and endangers marine and estuarine quality of environment . (Stichnothe)
Typically, navigation channels show low levels of TBT compared to sediments in harbor locations, specifically close to dockyards. (Stichnothe)
Marine biofouling defined as undesirable accumulation of marine organisms on solid surfaces, i.e. ships hull or mechanical equipment, immersed in seawater. (Stichnothe)
Extremely low concentrations of TBT still greatly affect marine organisms. (Stichnothe)
1ng of TBT cause imposex and intersex on snails. (Stichnothe)
Most important sites of pollution of TBT near coasts, especially after prohibition of use on vessels are ports, harbors, and shipyards. (Stichnothe)
In ports, TBT is released to marine environment via ship hulls and only measure to prevent is replace with environmental friendly antifouling systems. (Stichnothe)
Restriction of TBT use on vessels, concentration of TBT were reduced especially in enclosed waterways and estuaries dominated by such ships. (Stichnothe)
Although, little or no reduction of TBT concentrations were seen in sediments even after several years after TBT prohibition. (Stichnothe)

== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
[[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]

<ref>Plunkett, John. "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying", ''[[The Guardian]]'', London, 27 October 2005.</ref>

Green Ships

2015-06-04T06:47:20Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Lead */

== '''General Harms''' ==
Ships serve many purposes, primarily to transport consumer goods. Ship owners unquestionably attempt to keep their ships in excellent condition both to refrain from expensive repair costs and to maximize its usage. Ships life span 20-25 years, end of 2000 average age of ships in cargo fleet was 19 years. (Dodds). It is more profitable for ship owners to recycle ships after about 20 years due to high cost of repairs and modifications to further extend life of ship. (Dodds)Difficult, near impossible to find cargo for older ships due to insurance companies refusing insurance coverage on cargo booked ships over 20 years old. (Dodds)
To maintain average, 1900 ships to be recycled each year, currently 500-700 ships scrapped annually. (Dodds)
Although ship owners go through great care to keep their ships operative, Ships are decommissioned when deemed no longer safe (steel becomes fatigued from rolling during trans-ocean voyages). (Dodds)
Though the steel becomes exhausted from extensive use during its lifetime, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and China recycle approximately 89% of ldt scrapped worldwide. (Dodds) Ship recycling costs are comparatively higher in the European Union (EU) and the United States of America (USA) than in Asia because of the strict regulations relating to environmental issues and [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|occupational safety]] and health issues. Thus, ship-recycling facilities in the EU and the USA are not economically viable. (Chang)
Greenpeace, the GMB union and Peter Mandelson, MP for Hartlepool, joined forces yesterday to urge the government to scrap all Britain's redundant warships at home instead of allowing the work to be done on beaches in south-east Asia. (Vidal)
While recycling ships is an excellent way to reuse and save materials for future use, especially in developing countries, the toxic materials applied to the ships is extremely dangerous if not treated or handled safely. Specifically, [[Green Ships: Green Ships|Tributyltin (TBT)]] is a very toxic substance used in anti fouling paints which is applied to the hulls of ships. Use of anti fouling paints containing TBT has been banned since 2003. (Stichnothe). The harmful effects from TBT on environmental and marine life was widely known, but due to it's large economic benefits and early implementation into paints, many of the ships were already painted in TBT based anti fouling paints. In 2004, 70-80% of world’s fleet covered in TBT self polishing copolymer paints, which led to important economic benefits. (Stichnothe).The ban on the use of TBT in 2003 did not take effect til much later and does not apply to all countries.
Though, possible countries not regulated by national or regional legislation will continue to use organotin compounds, specifically in national routes. (Stichnothe). TBT is largely settled into the sediment when it is anchored or beached. In most cases, ports and shipyards are near urban areas and presence disturbs activities such as recreation and fishing. (Stichnothe)

== '''Transport of Toxins''' ==
=== TBT===
Tributlytin is a an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment with tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). The implementation of TBT in anti-fouling paints was introduced in the 1950's. Tin, basic substance of TBT, is effective longer periods than copper which was normal additive at the time, but more poisonous and made it possible to postpone the need to repaint. (Gipperth). TBT was used on ship hulls to prevent attachment of marine organisms to hulls, “fouling”(Gipperth).The TBT based anti fouling paints proved to be very effective in preventing organisms from attaching to the hull of the ships. More importantly, these organisms were poisoned once attached to the hull and proceed to detach from the hull and become vulnerable once back in the body of water. Tributyltin is extremely stable and resistant to natural degradation in water, making TBT very toxic to adequate environments (Dodds). The marine life that becomes attached to the ships or becomes sustenance to other marine life face severe physiological effects. An endocrine disrupting chemical causing severe reproductive defects in aquatic organisms (tightly regulated in developed nations) (Dodds). TBT is very dangerous for many types of marine life. TBT compounds most toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, fish algae, mussels, mollusks and fungi. (Stichnothe). The contaminated marine life that is detached from the ship's hull not only becomes nourishment for other sea animals, but for humans as well causing adverse health effects. Consumption of contaminated seafood by humans can cause severe skin and mucous membranes irritation (Stichnothe). The ship's hull is rubbed against the sediment most when it is closer to shore and anchored. Most severely contaminated sites were commercial harbours and shipyards. (Evans). In a study conducted in the Puget Sound in Washington state, there were many high levels of TBT and contaminated marine life discovered. The worst contamination was at Anacortes shipyard and at site 1.3 km from it. (Evans). Many mollusks were found to have been physically altered due to the high level of TBT in the sediment. High imposex scores from shores close to Port of Seattle, which has complex shipyards and harbours. (Evans). Though the Port of Seattle has multiple shipyards and harbors, many other harbors were also found to have TBT contaminated sediment. Chemical and biological measures were at background levels within less than 2 km from shipyard in Anacortes and less than 8km from Port of Seattle. (Evans).Though many countries have banned the use of TBT due to its dangerous effects on environmental and aquatic life, many countries [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|lack strict or clear guidelines]] on the restriction or use of TBT. Increased recognition of problems with TBT, several countries in mid 1980’s implemented national legislation with specific intentions of limiting use of TBT (Gipperth). Though there was no required restrictions for banning TBT, fortunately, some countries took it upon themselves to apply their own set of guidelines. As concentration of TBT in water and sediment remained alarmingly high, mainly from pollution from ships flying non-Japanese flags, Japan actively imposed an international ban on TBT antifouling. (Gipperth). After 1988, state action was unnecessary to prohibit the use of TBT, which most likely accounts for the lack of TBT-specific legislation in the other states. Furthermore, because antifouling paints are generally considered pesticides subject to regulation under a state’s generic pesticide laws, specific legislation banning TBT may be considered redundant in some states (Gipperth).Though TBT paints more expensive, economic effects and arguments did not stop the quick change. (Gipperth).

=== Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB) ===
Ships are composed of many different components, many of which are covered in toxic substances that are dangerous to human health when they are in use and more so when they are removed as the toxic substances are being displaced. PCB’s can be found in electrical components, cables, vent ducts, misc. gaskets, insulation materials, adhesives, paint, and various rubber and plastic components. (Dodds). It is imperative PCB's be handled appropriately and safely to ensure environmental and human safety. Exposure to PCB’s creates significant risk of developing various cancers, affect immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Dodds). Like TBT, PCB's adversely affect human health through the exposure of the substance as well as ingestion of contaminated marine life. Most carciogenic PCB’s tend to build up in flesh of fish and other animals, those who eating contaminated fish face even greater health threat than shipwrecking industry workers. (Dodds).To protect environment, PCB’s must be properly incinerated or stored in special landfills where they will not leach into groundwater. (Dodds). Like many other toxic substances used, it seems the easy solution is to discontinue the use, however, the necessity for PCB's is needed until an alternative substance can be found. PCB’s used for high heat resistance, inflammability, chemical stability, and high boiling point. (Dodds).

=== Lead ===
Lead has been known and proven to cause severely dangerous effects on humans. In knowing the extremely harmful effects lead has on humans, it is continued to be used on parts commonly used in vessels. Lead is found in batteries, paints, and components of motors, generators, piping, and cables (Dodds). Lead has many similar and different detrimental effets on children and adults. Health effects of lead exposure in children cause: learning difficulties, mental retardation, delayed neurological and physical development. In adults, lead affects the nervous system, impairing hearing, vision, and muscle coordination. (Dodds).

=== Bilge Water ===
(oily waste)-Accumulation of potentially polluting liquids in lowest part of ships hull (ships bilge). During mothballing or dismantling process, bilge water increases because of accumulated rainwater, cooling water, and containment water and used during ship breaking process. Bilge water contains oil, cargo residues, inorganix salts, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, and mercury (often spilt into ocean during shipwrecking process). Oil and other wastes threaten overall health and survival or many species and organisms, some of which are endangered.
=== Asbestos ===
Asbestos found in ship insulation, asbestos fibers pose serious health risk (cancers and lung diseases) to workers who inhale the fibers. Asbestos only known cause of mesothelioma- cancer of lungs, chest cavity, and abdomen.
== '''Occupational'''==
Subsequently, occupational safety and health issues emerge—particularly in association with the dismantling of beached ships in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Chang). Ship recycling workers in these countries do not wear protective equipment (helmets, masks, goggles, no signs of danger). (Chang). Majority of workers have no training with blowtorches or with hazardous substances involved in ship recycling. (Chang). Toxic fumes released during blowtorch cutting process and afterwards paint and coatins continue to smolder. (Chang). Unfortunately, there is no structured training or protective equipment given to the ship breaking workers in these developing countries such as the ship breaking site in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Alang, India]], for that reason it is not uncommon for them to suffer from major accidents. The use in ship breaking in developing countries is especially harmful in terms of child labor laws due to lack of guidelines in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Bangladesh]].

== '''Environmental'''==
carcinogenic and toxic substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ("PCBs"), asbestos, tributanlytin ("TBT"), lead, oil, and polluted ship water are released directly into the ocean. (Dodds). Sediment contamination still in effect and endangers marine and estuarine quality of environment . (Stichnothe)
Typically, navigation channels show low levels of TBT compared to sediments in harbor locations, specifically close to dockyards. (Stichnothe)
Marine biofouling defined as undesirable accumulation of marine organisms on solid surfaces, i.e. ships hull or mechanical equipment, immersed in seawater. (Stichnothe)
Extremely low concentrations of TBT still greatly affect marine organisms. (Stichnothe)
1ng of TBT cause imposex and intersex on snails. (Stichnothe)
Most important sites of pollution of TBT near coasts, especially after prohibition of use on vessels are ports, harbors, and shipyards. (Stichnothe)
In ports, TBT is released to marine environment via ship hulls and only measure to prevent is replace with environmental friendly antifouling systems. (Stichnothe)
Restriction of TBT use on vessels, concentration of TBT were reduced especially in enclosed waterways and estuaries dominated by such ships. (Stichnothe)
Although, little or no reduction of TBT concentrations were seen in sediments even after several years after TBT prohibition. (Stichnothe)

== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
[[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]

<ref>Plunkett, John. "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying", ''[[The Guardian]]'', London, 27 October 2005.</ref>

Green Ships

2015-06-04T06:27:33Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB) */

== '''General Harms''' ==
Ships serve many purposes, primarily to transport consumer goods. Ship owners unquestionably attempt to keep their ships in excellent condition both to refrain from expensive repair costs and to maximize its usage. Ships life span 20-25 years, end of 2000 average age of ships in cargo fleet was 19 years. (Dodds). It is more profitable for ship owners to recycle ships after about 20 years due to high cost of repairs and modifications to further extend life of ship. (Dodds)Difficult, near impossible to find cargo for older ships due to insurance companies refusing insurance coverage on cargo booked ships over 20 years old. (Dodds)
To maintain average, 1900 ships to be recycled each year, currently 500-700 ships scrapped annually. (Dodds)
Although ship owners go through great care to keep their ships operative, Ships are decommissioned when deemed no longer safe (steel becomes fatigued from rolling during trans-ocean voyages). (Dodds)
Though the steel becomes exhausted from extensive use during its lifetime, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and China recycle approximately 89% of ldt scrapped worldwide. (Dodds) Ship recycling costs are comparatively higher in the European Union (EU) and the United States of America (USA) than in Asia because of the strict regulations relating to environmental issues and [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|occupational safety]] and health issues. Thus, ship-recycling facilities in the EU and the USA are not economically viable. (Chang)
Greenpeace, the GMB union and Peter Mandelson, MP for Hartlepool, joined forces yesterday to urge the government to scrap all Britain's redundant warships at home instead of allowing the work to be done on beaches in south-east Asia. (Vidal)
While recycling ships is an excellent way to reuse and save materials for future use, especially in developing countries, the toxic materials applied to the ships is extremely dangerous if not treated or handled safely. Specifically, [[Green Ships: Green Ships|Tributyltin (TBT)]] is a very toxic substance used in anti fouling paints which is applied to the hulls of ships. Use of anti fouling paints containing TBT has been banned since 2003. (Stichnothe). The harmful effects from TBT on environmental and marine life was widely known, but due to it's large economic benefits and early implementation into paints, many of the ships were already painted in TBT based anti fouling paints. In 2004, 70-80% of world’s fleet covered in TBT self polishing copolymer paints, which led to important economic benefits. (Stichnothe).The ban on the use of TBT in 2003 did not take effect til much later and does not apply to all countries.
Though, possible countries not regulated by national or regional legislation will continue to use organotin compounds, specifically in national routes. (Stichnothe). TBT is largely settled into the sediment when it is anchored or beached. In most cases, ports and shipyards are near urban areas and presence disturbs activities such as recreation and fishing. (Stichnothe)

== '''Transport of Toxins''' ==
=== TBT===
Tributlytin is a an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment with tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). The implementation of TBT in anti-fouling paints was introduced in the 1950's. Tin, basic substance of TBT, is effective longer periods than copper which was normal additive at the time, but more poisonous and made it possible to postpone the need to repaint. (Gipperth). TBT was used on ship hulls to prevent attachment of marine organisms to hulls, “fouling”(Gipperth).The TBT based anti fouling paints proved to be very effective in preventing organisms from attaching to the hull of the ships. More importantly, these organisms were poisoned once attached to the hull and proceed to detach from the hull and become vulnerable once back in the body of water. Tributyltin is extremely stable and resistant to natural degradation in water, making TBT very toxic to adequate environments (Dodds). The marine life that becomes attached to the ships or becomes sustenance to other marine life face severe physiological effects. An endocrine disrupting chemical causing severe reproductive defects in aquatic organisms (tightly regulated in developed nations) (Dodds). TBT is very dangerous for many types of marine life. TBT compounds most toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, fish algae, mussels, mollusks and fungi. (Stichnothe). The contaminated marine life that is detached from the ship's hull not only becomes nourishment for other sea animals, but for humans as well causing adverse health effects. Consumption of contaminated seafood by humans can cause severe skin and mucous membranes irritation (Stichnothe). The ship's hull is rubbed against the sediment most when it is closer to shore and anchored. Most severely contaminated sites were commercial harbours and shipyards. (Evans). In a study conducted in the Puget Sound in Washington state, there were many high levels of TBT and contaminated marine life discovered. The worst contamination was at Anacortes shipyard and at site 1.3 km from it. (Evans). Many mollusks were found to have been physically altered due to the high level of TBT in the sediment. High imposex scores from shores close to Port of Seattle, which has complex shipyards and harbours. (Evans). Though the Port of Seattle has multiple shipyards and harbors, many other harbors were also found to have TBT contaminated sediment. Chemical and biological measures were at background levels within less than 2 km from shipyard in Anacortes and less than 8km from Port of Seattle. (Evans).Though many countries have banned the use of TBT due to its dangerous effects on environmental and aquatic life, many countries [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|lack strict or clear guidelines]] on the restriction or use of TBT. Increased recognition of problems with TBT, several countries in mid 1980’s implemented national legislation with specific intentions of limiting use of TBT (Gipperth). Though there was no required restrictions for banning TBT, fortunately, some countries took it upon themselves to apply their own set of guidelines. As concentration of TBT in water and sediment remained alarmingly high, mainly from pollution from ships flying non-Japanese flags, Japan actively imposed an international ban on TBT antifouling. (Gipperth). After 1988, state action was unnecessary to prohibit the use of TBT, which most likely accounts for the lack of TBT-specific legislation in the other states. Furthermore, because antifouling paints are generally considered pesticides subject to regulation under a state’s generic pesticide laws, specific legislation banning TBT may be considered redundant in some states (Gipperth).Though TBT paints more expensive, economic effects and arguments did not stop the quick change. (Gipperth).

=== Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB) ===
Ships are composed of many different components, many of which are covered in toxic substances that are dangerous to human health when they are in use and more so when they are removed as the toxic substances are being displaced. PCB’s can be found in electrical components, cables, vent ducts, misc. gaskets, insulation materials, adhesives, paint, and various rubber and plastic components. (Dodds). It is imperative PCB's be handled appropriately and safely to ensure environmental and human safety. Exposure to PCB’s creates significant risk of developing various cancers, affect immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Dodds). Like TBT, PCB's adversely affect human health through the exposure of the substance as well as ingestion of contaminated marine life. Most carciogenic PCB’s tend to build up in flesh of fish and other animals, those who eating contaminated fish face even greater health threat than shipwrecking industry workers. (Dodds).To protect environment, PCB’s must be properly incinerated or stored in special landfills where they will not leach into groundwater. (Dodds). Like many other toxic substances used, it seems the easy solution is to discontinue the use, however, the necessity for PCB's is needed until an alternative substance can be found. PCB’s used for high heat resistance, inflammability, chemical stability, and high boiling point. (Dodds).

=== Lead ===
found in batteries, paints, and components of motors, generators, piping, and cables (Dodds). Health effects of lead exposure in children- learning difficulties, mental retardation, delayed neurological and physical development. Adults- affects nervous system, impairing hearing, vision, and muscle coordination. (Dodds).
=== Bilge Water ===
(oily waste)-Accumulation of potentially polluting liquids in lowest part of ships hull (ships bilge). During mothballing or dismantling process, bilge water increases because of accumulated rainwater, cooling water, and containment water and used during ship breaking process. Bilge water contains oil, cargo residues, inorganix salts, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, and mercury (often spilt into ocean during shipwrecking process). Oil and other wastes threaten overall health and survival or many species and organisms, some of which are endangered.
=== Asbestos ===
Asbestos found in ship insulation, asbestos fibers pose serious health risk (cancers and lung diseases) to workers who inhale the fibers. Asbestos only known cause of mesothelioma- cancer of lungs, chest cavity, and abdomen.
== '''Occupational'''==
Subsequently, occupational safety and health issues emerge—particularly in association with the dismantling of beached ships in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Chang). Ship recycling workers in these countries do not wear protective equipment (helmets, masks, goggles, no signs of danger). (Chang). Majority of workers have no training with blowtorches or with hazardous substances involved in ship recycling. (Chang). Toxic fumes released during blowtorch cutting process and afterwards paint and coatins continue to smolder. (Chang). Unfortunately, there is no structured training or protective equipment given to the ship breaking workers in these developing countries such as the ship breaking site in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Alang, India]], for that reason it is not uncommon for them to suffer from major accidents. The use in ship breaking in developing countries is especially harmful in terms of child labor laws due to lack of guidelines in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Bangladesh]].

== '''Environmental'''==
carcinogenic and toxic substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ("PCBs"), asbestos, tributanlytin ("TBT"), lead, oil, and polluted ship water are released directly into the ocean. (Dodds). Sediment contamination still in effect and endangers marine and estuarine quality of environment . (Stichnothe)
Typically, navigation channels show low levels of TBT compared to sediments in harbor locations, specifically close to dockyards. (Stichnothe)
Marine biofouling defined as undesirable accumulation of marine organisms on solid surfaces, i.e. ships hull or mechanical equipment, immersed in seawater. (Stichnothe)
Extremely low concentrations of TBT still greatly affect marine organisms. (Stichnothe)
1ng of TBT cause imposex and intersex on snails. (Stichnothe)
Most important sites of pollution of TBT near coasts, especially after prohibition of use on vessels are ports, harbors, and shipyards. (Stichnothe)
In ports, TBT is released to marine environment via ship hulls and only measure to prevent is replace with environmental friendly antifouling systems. (Stichnothe)
Restriction of TBT use on vessels, concentration of TBT were reduced especially in enclosed waterways and estuaries dominated by such ships. (Stichnothe)
Although, little or no reduction of TBT concentrations were seen in sediments even after several years after TBT prohibition. (Stichnothe)

== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
[[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]

<ref>Plunkett, John. "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying", ''[[The Guardian]]'', London, 27 October 2005.</ref>

Green Ships

2015-06-04T06:16:26Z

VictoriaBeall: /* TBT */

== '''General Harms''' ==
Ships serve many purposes, primarily to transport consumer goods. Ship owners unquestionably attempt to keep their ships in excellent condition both to refrain from expensive repair costs and to maximize its usage. Ships life span 20-25 years, end of 2000 average age of ships in cargo fleet was 19 years. (Dodds). It is more profitable for ship owners to recycle ships after about 20 years due to high cost of repairs and modifications to further extend life of ship. (Dodds)Difficult, near impossible to find cargo for older ships due to insurance companies refusing insurance coverage on cargo booked ships over 20 years old. (Dodds)
To maintain average, 1900 ships to be recycled each year, currently 500-700 ships scrapped annually. (Dodds)
Although ship owners go through great care to keep their ships operative, Ships are decommissioned when deemed no longer safe (steel becomes fatigued from rolling during trans-ocean voyages). (Dodds)
Though the steel becomes exhausted from extensive use during its lifetime, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and China recycle approximately 89% of ldt scrapped worldwide. (Dodds) Ship recycling costs are comparatively higher in the European Union (EU) and the United States of America (USA) than in Asia because of the strict regulations relating to environmental issues and [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|occupational safety]] and health issues. Thus, ship-recycling facilities in the EU and the USA are not economically viable. (Chang)
Greenpeace, the GMB union and Peter Mandelson, MP for Hartlepool, joined forces yesterday to urge the government to scrap all Britain's redundant warships at home instead of allowing the work to be done on beaches in south-east Asia. (Vidal)
While recycling ships is an excellent way to reuse and save materials for future use, especially in developing countries, the toxic materials applied to the ships is extremely dangerous if not treated or handled safely. Specifically, [[Green Ships: Green Ships|Tributyltin (TBT)]] is a very toxic substance used in anti fouling paints which is applied to the hulls of ships. Use of anti fouling paints containing TBT has been banned since 2003. (Stichnothe). The harmful effects from TBT on environmental and marine life was widely known, but due to it's large economic benefits and early implementation into paints, many of the ships were already painted in TBT based anti fouling paints. In 2004, 70-80% of world’s fleet covered in TBT self polishing copolymer paints, which led to important economic benefits. (Stichnothe).The ban on the use of TBT in 2003 did not take effect til much later and does not apply to all countries.
Though, possible countries not regulated by national or regional legislation will continue to use organotin compounds, specifically in national routes. (Stichnothe). TBT is largely settled into the sediment when it is anchored or beached. In most cases, ports and shipyards are near urban areas and presence disturbs activities such as recreation and fishing. (Stichnothe)

== '''Transport of Toxins''' ==
=== TBT===
Tributlytin is a an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment with tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). The implementation of TBT in anti-fouling paints was introduced in the 1950's. Tin, basic substance of TBT, is effective longer periods than copper which was normal additive at the time, but more poisonous and made it possible to postpone the need to repaint. (Gipperth). TBT was used on ship hulls to prevent attachment of marine organisms to hulls, “fouling”(Gipperth).The TBT based anti fouling paints proved to be very effective in preventing organisms from attaching to the hull of the ships. More importantly, these organisms were poisoned once attached to the hull and proceed to detach from the hull and become vulnerable once back in the body of water. Tributyltin is extremely stable and resistant to natural degradation in water, making TBT very toxic to adequate environments (Dodds). The marine life that becomes attached to the ships or becomes sustenance to other marine life face severe physiological effects. An endocrine disrupting chemical causing severe reproductive defects in aquatic organisms (tightly regulated in developed nations) (Dodds). TBT is very dangerous for many types of marine life. TBT compounds most toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, fish algae, mussels, mollusks and fungi. (Stichnothe). The contaminated marine life that is detached from the ship's hull not only becomes nourishment for other sea animals, but for humans as well causing adverse health effects. Consumption of contaminated seafood by humans can cause severe skin and mucous membranes irritation (Stichnothe). The ship's hull is rubbed against the sediment most when it is closer to shore and anchored. Most severely contaminated sites were commercial harbours and shipyards. (Evans). In a study conducted in the Puget Sound in Washington state, there were many high levels of TBT and contaminated marine life discovered. The worst contamination was at Anacortes shipyard and at site 1.3 km from it. (Evans). Many mollusks were found to have been physically altered due to the high level of TBT in the sediment. High imposex scores from shores close to Port of Seattle, which has complex shipyards and harbours. (Evans). Though the Port of Seattle has multiple shipyards and harbors, many other harbors were also found to have TBT contaminated sediment. Chemical and biological measures were at background levels within less than 2 km from shipyard in Anacortes and less than 8km from Port of Seattle. (Evans).Though many countries have banned the use of TBT due to its dangerous effects on environmental and aquatic life, many countries [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|lack strict or clear guidelines]] on the restriction or use of TBT. Increased recognition of problems with TBT, several countries in mid 1980’s implemented national legislation with specific intentions of limiting use of TBT (Gipperth). Though there was no required restrictions for banning TBT, fortunately, some countries took it upon themselves to apply their own set of guidelines. As concentration of TBT in water and sediment remained alarmingly high, mainly from pollution from ships flying non-Japanese flags, Japan actively imposed an international ban on TBT antifouling. (Gipperth). After 1988, state action was unnecessary to prohibit the use of TBT, which most likely accounts for the lack of TBT-specific legislation in the other states. Furthermore, because antifouling paints are generally considered pesticides subject to regulation under a state’s generic pesticide laws, specific legislation banning TBT may be considered redundant in some states (Gipperth).Though TBT paints more expensive, economic effects and arguments did not stop the quick change. (Gipperth).

=== Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB) ===
PCB’s found in electrical components, cables, vent ducts, misc. gaskets, insulation materials, adhesives, paint, and various rubber and plastic components. (Dodds). To protect environment, PCB’s must be properly incinerated or stored in special landfills where they will not leach into groundwater. (Dodds). PCB’s used for high heat resistance, inflammability, chemical stability, and high boiling point. (Dodds). Exposure to PCB’s creates significant risk of developing various cancers, affect immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Dodds). Chemical compositions of PCB’s change following release into environment. Most carciogenic PCB’s tend to build up in flesh of fish and other animals, those who eating contaminated fish face even greater health threat than shipwrecking industry workers. (Dodds).
=== Lead ===
found in batteries, paints, and components of motors, generators, piping, and cables (Dodds). Health effects of lead exposure in children- learning difficulties, mental retardation, delayed neurological and physical development. Adults- affects nervous system, impairing hearing, vision, and muscle coordination. (Dodds).
=== Bilge Water ===
(oily waste)-Accumulation of potentially polluting liquids in lowest part of ships hull (ships bilge). During mothballing or dismantling process, bilge water increases because of accumulated rainwater, cooling water, and containment water and used during ship breaking process. Bilge water contains oil, cargo residues, inorganix salts, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, and mercury (often spilt into ocean during shipwrecking process). Oil and other wastes threaten overall health and survival or many species and organisms, some of which are endangered.
=== Asbestos ===
Asbestos found in ship insulation, asbestos fibers pose serious health risk (cancers and lung diseases) to workers who inhale the fibers. Asbestos only known cause of mesothelioma- cancer of lungs, chest cavity, and abdomen.
== '''Occupational'''==
Subsequently, occupational safety and health issues emerge—particularly in association with the dismantling of beached ships in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Chang). Ship recycling workers in these countries do not wear protective equipment (helmets, masks, goggles, no signs of danger). (Chang). Majority of workers have no training with blowtorches or with hazardous substances involved in ship recycling. (Chang). Toxic fumes released during blowtorch cutting process and afterwards paint and coatins continue to smolder. (Chang). Unfortunately, there is no structured training or protective equipment given to the ship breaking workers in these developing countries such as the ship breaking site in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Alang, India]], for that reason it is not uncommon for them to suffer from major accidents. The use in ship breaking in developing countries is especially harmful in terms of child labor laws due to lack of guidelines in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Bangladesh]].

== '''Environmental'''==
carcinogenic and toxic substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ("PCBs"), asbestos, tributanlytin ("TBT"), lead, oil, and polluted ship water are released directly into the ocean. (Dodds). Sediment contamination still in effect and endangers marine and estuarine quality of environment . (Stichnothe)
Typically, navigation channels show low levels of TBT compared to sediments in harbor locations, specifically close to dockyards. (Stichnothe)
Marine biofouling defined as undesirable accumulation of marine organisms on solid surfaces, i.e. ships hull or mechanical equipment, immersed in seawater. (Stichnothe)
Extremely low concentrations of TBT still greatly affect marine organisms. (Stichnothe)
1ng of TBT cause imposex and intersex on snails. (Stichnothe)
Most important sites of pollution of TBT near coasts, especially after prohibition of use on vessels are ports, harbors, and shipyards. (Stichnothe)
In ports, TBT is released to marine environment via ship hulls and only measure to prevent is replace with environmental friendly antifouling systems. (Stichnothe)
Restriction of TBT use on vessels, concentration of TBT were reduced especially in enclosed waterways and estuaries dominated by such ships. (Stichnothe)
Although, little or no reduction of TBT concentrations were seen in sediments even after several years after TBT prohibition. (Stichnothe)

== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
[[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]

<ref>Plunkett, John. "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying", ''[[The Guardian]]'', London, 27 October 2005.</ref>

Green Ships

2015-06-04T05:42:38Z

VictoriaBeall: /* General Harms */

== '''General Harms''' ==
Ships serve many purposes, primarily to transport consumer goods. Ship owners unquestionably attempt to keep their ships in excellent condition both to refrain from expensive repair costs and to maximize its usage. Ships life span 20-25 years, end of 2000 average age of ships in cargo fleet was 19 years. (Dodds). It is more profitable for ship owners to recycle ships after about 20 years due to high cost of repairs and modifications to further extend life of ship. (Dodds)Difficult, near impossible to find cargo for older ships due to insurance companies refusing insurance coverage on cargo booked ships over 20 years old. (Dodds)
To maintain average, 1900 ships to be recycled each year, currently 500-700 ships scrapped annually. (Dodds)
Although ship owners go through great care to keep their ships operative, Ships are decommissioned when deemed no longer safe (steel becomes fatigued from rolling during trans-ocean voyages). (Dodds)
Though the steel becomes exhausted from extensive use during its lifetime, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and China recycle approximately 89% of ldt scrapped worldwide. (Dodds) Ship recycling costs are comparatively higher in the European Union (EU) and the United States of America (USA) than in Asia because of the strict regulations relating to environmental issues and [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|occupational safety]] and health issues. Thus, ship-recycling facilities in the EU and the USA are not economically viable. (Chang)
Greenpeace, the GMB union and Peter Mandelson, MP for Hartlepool, joined forces yesterday to urge the government to scrap all Britain's redundant warships at home instead of allowing the work to be done on beaches in south-east Asia. (Vidal)
While recycling ships is an excellent way to reuse and save materials for future use, especially in developing countries, the toxic materials applied to the ships is extremely dangerous if not treated or handled safely. Specifically, [[Green Ships: Green Ships|Tributyltin (TBT)]] is a very toxic substance used in anti fouling paints which is applied to the hulls of ships. Use of anti fouling paints containing TBT has been banned since 2003. (Stichnothe). The harmful effects from TBT on environmental and marine life was widely known, but due to it's large economic benefits and early implementation into paints, many of the ships were already painted in TBT based anti fouling paints. In 2004, 70-80% of world’s fleet covered in TBT self polishing copolymer paints, which led to important economic benefits. (Stichnothe).The ban on the use of TBT in 2003 did not take effect til much later and does not apply to all countries.
Though, possible countries not regulated by national or regional legislation will continue to use organotin compounds, specifically in national routes. (Stichnothe). TBT is largely settled into the sediment when it is anchored or beached. In most cases, ports and shipyards are near urban areas and presence disturbs activities such as recreation and fishing. (Stichnothe)

== '''Transport of Toxins''' ==
=== TBT===
extremely stable and resistant to natural degradation in water, making TBT very toxic to adequate environments (Dodds). an endocrine disrupting chemical causing severe reproductive defects in aquatic organisms (tightly regulated in developed nations) (Dodds). an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Increase recognition of problems with TBT, several countries in mid 1980’s implemented national legislation with specific intentions of limiting use of TBT (Gipperth). As concentration of TBT in water and sediment remained alarmingly high, mainly from pollution from ships flying non-Japanese flags, Japan actively imposed an international ban on TBT antifouling. (Gipperth). After 1988, state action was unnecessary to prohibit the use of TBT, which most likely accounts for the lack of TBT-specific legislation in the other states. Furthermore, because antifouling paints are generally considered pesticides subject to regulation under a state’s generic pesticide laws, specific legislation banning TBT may be considered redundant in some states (Gipperth). TBT compounds most toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, fish algae, mussels, mollusks and fungi. (Stichnothe). Consumption of contaminated seafood by humans can cause severe skin and mucous membranes irritation (Stichnothe). Most severely contaminated sites were commercial harbours and shipyards. (Evans). The worst contamination was at Anacortes shipyard and at site 1.3 km from it. (Evans). High imposex scores from shores close to Port of Seattle, which has complex shipyards and harbours. (Evans). Chemical and biological measures were at background levels within less than 2 km from shipyard in Anacortes and less than 8km from Port of Seattle. (Evans). TBT is an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Used on ship hulls to prevent attachment of marine organisms to hulls, “fouling”(Gipperth). Tin, basic substance of TBT, is effective longer periods than copper which was normal additive at the time, but more poisonous and made it possible to postpone the need to repaint. (Gipperth). Though TBT paints more expensive, economic effects and arguments did not stop the quick change. (Gipperth).
=== Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB) ===
PCB’s found in electrical components, cables, vent ducts, misc. gaskets, insulation materials, adhesives, paint, and various rubber and plastic components. (Dodds). To protect environment, PCB’s must be properly incinerated or stored in special landfills where they will not leach into groundwater. (Dodds). PCB’s used for high heat resistance, inflammability, chemical stability, and high boiling point. (Dodds). Exposure to PCB’s creates significant risk of developing various cancers, affect immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Dodds). Chemical compositions of PCB’s change following release into environment. Most carciogenic PCB’s tend to build up in flesh of fish and other animals, those who eating contaminated fish face even greater health threat than shipwrecking industry workers. (Dodds).
=== Lead ===
found in batteries, paints, and components of motors, generators, piping, and cables (Dodds). Health effects of lead exposure in children- learning difficulties, mental retardation, delayed neurological and physical development. Adults- affects nervous system, impairing hearing, vision, and muscle coordination. (Dodds).
=== Bilge Water ===
(oily waste)-Accumulation of potentially polluting liquids in lowest part of ships hull (ships bilge). During mothballing or dismantling process, bilge water increases because of accumulated rainwater, cooling water, and containment water and used during ship breaking process. Bilge water contains oil, cargo residues, inorganix salts, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, and mercury (often spilt into ocean during shipwrecking process). Oil and other wastes threaten overall health and survival or many species and organisms, some of which are endangered.
=== Asbestos ===
Asbestos found in ship insulation, asbestos fibers pose serious health risk (cancers and lung diseases) to workers who inhale the fibers. Asbestos only known cause of mesothelioma- cancer of lungs, chest cavity, and abdomen.
== '''Occupational'''==
Subsequently, occupational safety and health issues emerge—particularly in association with the dismantling of beached ships in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Chang). Ship recycling workers in these countries do not wear protective equipment (helmets, masks, goggles, no signs of danger). (Chang). Majority of workers have no training with blowtorches or with hazardous substances involved in ship recycling. (Chang). Toxic fumes released during blowtorch cutting process and afterwards paint and coatins continue to smolder. (Chang). Unfortunately, there is no structured training or protective equipment given to the ship breaking workers in these developing countries such as the ship breaking site in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Alang, India]], for that reason it is not uncommon for them to suffer from major accidents. The use in ship breaking in developing countries is especially harmful in terms of child labor laws due to lack of guidelines in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Bangladesh]].

== '''Environmental'''==
carcinogenic and toxic substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ("PCBs"), asbestos, tributanlytin ("TBT"), lead, oil, and polluted ship water are released directly into the ocean. (Dodds). Sediment contamination still in effect and endangers marine and estuarine quality of environment . (Stichnothe)
Typically, navigation channels show low levels of TBT compared to sediments in harbor locations, specifically close to dockyards. (Stichnothe)
Marine biofouling defined as undesirable accumulation of marine organisms on solid surfaces, i.e. ships hull or mechanical equipment, immersed in seawater. (Stichnothe)
Extremely low concentrations of TBT still greatly affect marine organisms. (Stichnothe)
1ng of TBT cause imposex and intersex on snails. (Stichnothe)
Most important sites of pollution of TBT near coasts, especially after prohibition of use on vessels are ports, harbors, and shipyards. (Stichnothe)
In ports, TBT is released to marine environment via ship hulls and only measure to prevent is replace with environmental friendly antifouling systems. (Stichnothe)
Restriction of TBT use on vessels, concentration of TBT were reduced especially in enclosed waterways and estuaries dominated by such ships. (Stichnothe)
Although, little or no reduction of TBT concentrations were seen in sediments even after several years after TBT prohibition. (Stichnothe)

== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
[[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]

<ref>Plunkett, John. "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying", ''[[The Guardian]]'', London, 27 October 2005.</ref>

Green Ships

2015-06-04T05:40:51Z

VictoriaBeall: /* General Harms */

== '''General Harms''' ==
Ships serve many purposes, primarily to transport consumer goods. Ship owners unquestionably attempt to keep their ships in excellent condition both to refrain from expensive repair costs and to maximize its usage. Ships life span 20-25 years, end of 2000 average age of ships in cargo fleet was 19 years. (Dodds). It is more profitable for ship owners to recycle ships after about 20 years due to high cost of repairs and modifications to further extend life of ship. (Dodds)Difficult, near impossible to find cargo for older ships due to insurance companies refusing insurance coverage on cargo booked ships over 20 years old. (Dodds)
To maintain average, 1900 ships to be recycled each year, currently 500-700 ships scrapped annually. (Dodds)
Although ship owners go through great care to keep their ships operative, Ships are decommissioned when deemed no longer safe (steel becomes fatigued from rolling during trans-ocean voyages). (Dodds)
Though the steel becomes exhausted from extensive use during its lifetime, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and China recycle approximately 89% of ldt scrapped worldwide. (Dodds) Ship recycling costs are comparatively higher in the European Union (EU) and the United States of America (USA) than in Asia because of the strict regulations relating to environmental issues and [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|occupational safety]] and health issues. Thus, ship-recycling facilities in the EU and the USA are not economically viable. (Chang)
Greenpeace, the GMB union and Peter Mandelson, MP for Hartlepool, joined forces yesterday to urge the government to scrap all Britain's redundant warships at home instead of allowing the work to be done on beaches in south-east Asia. (Vidal)
While recycling ships is an excellent way to reuse and save materials for future use, especially in developing countries, the toxic materials applied to the ships is extremely dangerous if not treated or handled safely. Specifically, Tributyltin (TBT) is a very toxic substance used in anti fouling paints which is applied to the hulls of ships. Use of anti fouling paints containing TBT has been banned since 2003. (Stichnothe). The harmful effects from TBT on environmental and marine life was widely known, but due to it's large economic benefits and early implementation into paints, many of the ships were already painted in TBT based anti fouling paints. In 2004, 70-80% of world’s fleet covered in TBT self polishing copolymer paints, which led to important economic benefits. (Stichnothe).The ban on the use of TBT in 2003 did not take effect til much later and does not apply to all countries.
Though, possible countries not regulated by national or regional legislation will continue to use organotin compounds, specifically in national routes. (Stichnothe). TBT is largely settled into the sediment when it is anchored or beached. In most cases, ports and shipyards are near urban areas and presence disturbs activities such as recreation and fishing. (Stichnothe)

== '''Transport of Toxins''' ==
=== TBT===
extremely stable and resistant to natural degradation in water, making TBT very toxic to adequate environments (Dodds). an endocrine disrupting chemical causing severe reproductive defects in aquatic organisms (tightly regulated in developed nations) (Dodds). an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Increase recognition of problems with TBT, several countries in mid 1980’s implemented national legislation with specific intentions of limiting use of TBT (Gipperth). As concentration of TBT in water and sediment remained alarmingly high, mainly from pollution from ships flying non-Japanese flags, Japan actively imposed an international ban on TBT antifouling. (Gipperth). After 1988, state action was unnecessary to prohibit the use of TBT, which most likely accounts for the lack of TBT-specific legislation in the other states. Furthermore, because antifouling paints are generally considered pesticides subject to regulation under a state’s generic pesticide laws, specific legislation banning TBT may be considered redundant in some states (Gipperth). TBT compounds most toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, fish algae, mussels, mollusks and fungi. (Stichnothe). Consumption of contaminated seafood by humans can cause severe skin and mucous membranes irritation (Stichnothe). Most severely contaminated sites were commercial harbours and shipyards. (Evans). The worst contamination was at Anacortes shipyard and at site 1.3 km from it. (Evans). High imposex scores from shores close to Port of Seattle, which has complex shipyards and harbours. (Evans). Chemical and biological measures were at background levels within less than 2 km from shipyard in Anacortes and less than 8km from Port of Seattle. (Evans). TBT is an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Used on ship hulls to prevent attachment of marine organisms to hulls, “fouling”(Gipperth). Tin, basic substance of TBT, is effective longer periods than copper which was normal additive at the time, but more poisonous and made it possible to postpone the need to repaint. (Gipperth). Though TBT paints more expensive, economic effects and arguments did not stop the quick change. (Gipperth).
=== Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB) ===
PCB’s found in electrical components, cables, vent ducts, misc. gaskets, insulation materials, adhesives, paint, and various rubber and plastic components. (Dodds). To protect environment, PCB’s must be properly incinerated or stored in special landfills where they will not leach into groundwater. (Dodds). PCB’s used for high heat resistance, inflammability, chemical stability, and high boiling point. (Dodds). Exposure to PCB’s creates significant risk of developing various cancers, affect immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Dodds). Chemical compositions of PCB’s change following release into environment. Most carciogenic PCB’s tend to build up in flesh of fish and other animals, those who eating contaminated fish face even greater health threat than shipwrecking industry workers. (Dodds).
=== Lead ===
found in batteries, paints, and components of motors, generators, piping, and cables (Dodds). Health effects of lead exposure in children- learning difficulties, mental retardation, delayed neurological and physical development. Adults- affects nervous system, impairing hearing, vision, and muscle coordination. (Dodds).
=== Bilge Water ===
(oily waste)-Accumulation of potentially polluting liquids in lowest part of ships hull (ships bilge). During mothballing or dismantling process, bilge water increases because of accumulated rainwater, cooling water, and containment water and used during ship breaking process. Bilge water contains oil, cargo residues, inorganix salts, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, and mercury (often spilt into ocean during shipwrecking process). Oil and other wastes threaten overall health and survival or many species and organisms, some of which are endangered.
=== Asbestos ===
Asbestos found in ship insulation, asbestos fibers pose serious health risk (cancers and lung diseases) to workers who inhale the fibers. Asbestos only known cause of mesothelioma- cancer of lungs, chest cavity, and abdomen.
== '''Occupational'''==
Subsequently, occupational safety and health issues emerge—particularly in association with the dismantling of beached ships in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Chang). Ship recycling workers in these countries do not wear protective equipment (helmets, masks, goggles, no signs of danger). (Chang). Majority of workers have no training with blowtorches or with hazardous substances involved in ship recycling. (Chang). Toxic fumes released during blowtorch cutting process and afterwards paint and coatins continue to smolder. (Chang). Unfortunately, there is no structured training or protective equipment given to the ship breaking workers in these developing countries such as the ship breaking site in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Alang, India]], for that reason it is not uncommon for them to suffer from major accidents. The use in ship breaking in developing countries is especially harmful in terms of child labor laws due to lack of guidelines in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Bangladesh]].

== '''Environmental'''==
carcinogenic and toxic substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ("PCBs"), asbestos, tributanlytin ("TBT"), lead, oil, and polluted ship water are released directly into the ocean. (Dodds). Sediment contamination still in effect and endangers marine and estuarine quality of environment . (Stichnothe)
Typically, navigation channels show low levels of TBT compared to sediments in harbor locations, specifically close to dockyards. (Stichnothe)
Marine biofouling defined as undesirable accumulation of marine organisms on solid surfaces, i.e. ships hull or mechanical equipment, immersed in seawater. (Stichnothe)
Extremely low concentrations of TBT still greatly affect marine organisms. (Stichnothe)
1ng of TBT cause imposex and intersex on snails. (Stichnothe)
Most important sites of pollution of TBT near coasts, especially after prohibition of use on vessels are ports, harbors, and shipyards. (Stichnothe)
In ports, TBT is released to marine environment via ship hulls and only measure to prevent is replace with environmental friendly antifouling systems. (Stichnothe)
Restriction of TBT use on vessels, concentration of TBT were reduced especially in enclosed waterways and estuaries dominated by such ships. (Stichnothe)
Although, little or no reduction of TBT concentrations were seen in sediments even after several years after TBT prohibition. (Stichnothe)

== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
[[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]

<ref>Plunkett, John. "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying", ''[[The Guardian]]'', London, 27 October 2005.</ref>

Green Ships

2015-05-28T21:03:21Z

VictoriaBeall:

== '''General Harms''' ==
Ships life span 20-25 years, end of 2000 average age of ships in cargo fleet was 19 years. (Dodds)
To maintain average, 1900 ships to be recycled each year, currently 500-700 ships scrapped annually. (Dodds)
Ships decommissioned when deemed no longer safe (steel becomes fatigued from rolling during trans-ocean voyages). (Dodds)
More profitable for ship owners to recycle ships after about 20 years due to high cost of repairs and modifications to further extend life of ship. (Dodds)
Difficult, near impossible to find cargo for older ships due to insurance companies refusing insurance coverage on cargo booked ships over 20 years old. (Dodds)
Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and China recycle approx. 89% of ldt scrapped worldwide. (Dodds)
Use of anti fouling paints containing TBT has been banned since 2003. (Stichnothe)
2004, 70-80% of world’s fleet covered in TBT self polishing copolymer paints, which led to important economic benefits. (Stichnothe)
Though, possible countries not regulated by national or regional legislation will continue to use organotin compounds, specifically in national routes. (Stichnothe)
Most cases, ports and shipyards are near urban areas and presence disturbsactivities such as recreation and fishing. (Stichnothe)
Ship recycling costs are comparatively higher in the European Union (EU) and the United States of America (USA) than in Asia because of the strict regulations relating to environmental issues and [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|occupational safety]] and health issues. Thus, ship-recycling facilities in the EU and the USA are not economically viable. (Chang)
Greenpeace, the GMB union and Peter Mandelson, MP for Hartlepool, joined forces yesterday to urge the government to scrap all Britain's redundant warships at home instead of allowing the work to be done on beaches in south-east Asia. (Vidal)
The "green labour" initiative reflects concern about British warships being towed to India for scrapping and the arrival of four ex-US navy "ghost ships" in Mr Mandelson's constituency last year. (Vidal)
The government is about to decommission the landing ship HMS Intrepid and four Type 22 class frigates. It has not been decided where they should be sent. (Vidal)
Steven Tindale, the head of Greenpeace, said it was a disgrace that British vessels were being dismantled by women and children paid about pounds 1 a day, unprotected against asbestos or other hazardous waste. (Vidal)
Mr Mandelson, a former secretary for trade and industry, said his eyes had been opened to the issue of [[Green Ships: Ship Breaking Regulations|unregulated ship-breaking]] in southern Asia after last year's row about plans to dismantle the US navy ships in Hartlepool. (Vidal)
He said he would lobby ministers in Britain and mainland Europe to encourage all redundant European ships to be recycled in the EU. (Vidal)

== '''Transport of Toxins''' ==
=== TBT===
extremely stable and resistant to natural degradation in water, making TBT very toxic to adequate environments (Dodds). an endocrine disrupting chemical causing severe reproductive defects in aquatic organisms (tightly regulated in developed nations) (Dodds). an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Increase recognition of problems with TBT, several countries in mid 1980’s implemented national legislation with specific intentions of limiting use of TBT (Gipperth). As concentration of TBT in water and sediment remained alarmingly high, mainly from pollution from ships flying non-Japanese flags, Japan actively imposed an international ban on TBT antifouling. (Gipperth). After 1988, state action was unnecessary to prohibit the use of TBT, which most likely accounts for the lack of TBT-specific legislation in the other states. Furthermore, because antifouling paints are generally considered pesticides subject to regulation under a state’s generic pesticide laws, specific legislation banning TBT may be considered redundant in some states (Gipperth). TBT compounds most toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, fish algae, mussels, mollusks and fungi. (Stichnothe). Consumption of contaminated seafood by humans can cause severe skin and mucous membranes irritation (Stichnothe). Most severely contaminated sites were commercial harbours and shipyards. (Evans). The worst contamination was at Anacortes shipyard and at site 1.3 km from it. (Evans). High imposex scores from shores close to Port of Seattle, which has complex shipyards and harbours. (Evans). Chemical and biological measures were at background levels within less than 2 km from shipyard in Anacortes and less than 8km from Port of Seattle. (Evans). TBT is an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Used on ship hulls to prevent attachment of marine organisms to hulls, “fouling”(Gipperth). Tin, basic substance of TBT, is effective longer periods than copper which was normal additive at the time, but more poisonous and made it possible to postpone the need to repaint. (Gipperth). Though TBT paints more expensive, economic effects and arguments did not stop the quick change. (Gipperth).
=== Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB) ===
PCB’s found in electrical components, cables, vent ducts, misc. gaskets, insulation materials, adhesives, paint, and various rubber and plastic components. (Dodds). To protect environment, PCB’s must be properly incinerated or stored in special landfills where they will not leach into groundwater. (Dodds). PCB’s used for high heat resistance, inflammability, chemical stability, and high boiling point. (Dodds). Exposure to PCB’s creates significant risk of developing various cancers, affect immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Dodds). Chemical compositions of PCB’s change following release into environment. Most carciogenic PCB’s tend to build up in flesh of fish and other animals, those who eating contaminated fish face even greater health threat than shipwrecking industry workers. (Dodds).
=== Lead ===
found in batteries, paints, and components of motors, generators, piping, and cables (Dodds). Health effects of lead exposure in children- learning difficulties, mental retardation, delayed neurological and physical development. Adults- affects nervous system, impairing hearing, vision, and muscle coordination. (Dodds).
=== Bilge Water ===
(oily waste)-Accumulation of potentially polluting liquids in lowest part of ships hull (ships bilge). During mothballing or dismantling process, bilge water increases because of accumulated rainwater, cooling water, and containment water and used during ship breaking process. Bilge water contains oil, cargo residues, inorganix salts, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, and mercury (often spilt into ocean during shipwrecking process). Oil and other wastes threaten overall health and survival or many species and organisms, some of which are endangered.
=== Asbestos ===
Asbestos found in ship insulation, asbestos fibers pose serious health risk (cancers and lung diseases) to workers who inhale the fibers. Asbestos only known cause of mesothelioma- cancer of lungs, chest cavity, and abdomen.
== '''Occupational'''==
Subsequently, occupational safety and health issues emerge—particularly in association with the dismantling of beached ships in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Chang). Ship recycling workers in these countries do not wear protective equipment (helmets, masks, goggles, no signs of danger). (Chang). Majority of workers have no training with blowtorches or with hazardous substances involved in ship recycling. (Chang). Toxic fumes released during blowtorch cutting process and afterwards paint and coatins continue to smolder. (Chang). Unfortunately, there is no structured training or protective equipment given to the ship breaking workers in these developing countries such as the ship breaking site in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Alang, India]], for that reason it is not uncommon for them to suffer from major accidents. The use in ship breaking in developing countries is especially harmful in terms of child labor laws due to lack of guidelines in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Bangladesh]].

== '''Environmental'''==
carcinogenic and toxic substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ("PCBs"), asbestos, tributanlytin ("TBT"), lead, oil, and polluted ship water are released directly into the ocean. (Dodds). Sediment contamination still in effect and endangers marine and estuarine quality of environment . (Stichnothe)
Typically, navigation channels show low levels of TBT compared to sediments in harbor locations, specifically close to dockyards. (Stichnothe)
Marine biofouling defined as undesirable accumulation of marine organisms on solid surfaces, i.e. ships hull or mechanical equipment, immersed in seawater. (Stichnothe)
Extremely low concentrations of TBT still greatly affect marine organisms. (Stichnothe)
1ng of TBT cause imposex and intersex on snails. (Stichnothe)
Most important sites of pollution of TBT near coasts, especially after prohibition of use on vessels are ports, harbors, and shipyards. (Stichnothe)
In ports, TBT is released to marine environment via ship hulls and only measure to prevent is replace with environmental friendly antifouling systems. (Stichnothe)
Restriction of TBT use on vessels, concentration of TBT were reduced especially in enclosed waterways and estuaries dominated by such ships. (Stichnothe)
Although, little or no reduction of TBT concentrations were seen in sediments even after several years after TBT prohibition. (Stichnothe)

== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
[[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]

<ref>Plunkett, John. "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying", ''[[The Guardian]]'', London, 27 October 2005.</ref>

Green Ships

2015-05-28T20:50:48Z

VictoriaBeall: /* General Harms */

Green Ships

2015-05-28T20:48:28Z

VictoriaBeall: /* General Harms */

== '''General Harms''' ==
Ships life span 20-25 years, end of 2000 average age of ships in cargo fleet was 19 years. (Dodds)
To maintain average, 1900 ships to be recycled each year, currently 500-700 ships scrapped annually. (Dodds)
Ships decommissioned when deemed no longer safe (steel becomes fatigued from rolling during trans-ocean voyages). (Dodds)
More profitable for ship owners to recycle ships after about 20 years due to high cost of repairs and modifications to further extend life of ship. (Dodds)
Difficult, near impossible to find cargo for older ships due to insurance companies refusing insurance coverage on cargo booked ships over 20 years old. (Dodds)
Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and China recycle approx. 89% of ldt scrapped worldwide. (Dodds)
Use of anti fouling paints containing TBT has been banned since 2003. (Stichnothe)
2004, 70-80% of world’s fleet covered in TBT self polishing copolymer paints, which led to important economic benefits. (Stichnothe)
Though, possible countries not regulated by national or regional legislation will continue to use organotin compounds, specifically in national routes. (Stichnothe)
Most cases, ports and shipyards are near urban areas and presence disturbsactivities such as recreation and fishing. (Stichnothe)
Ship recycling costs are comparatively higher in the European Union (EU) and the United States of America (USA) than in Asia because of the strict regulations relating to environmental issues and [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|occupational safety]] and health issues. Thus, ship-recycling facilities in the EU and the USA are not economically viable. (Chang)
Greenpeace, the GMB union and Peter Mandelson, MP for Hartlepool, joined forces yesterday to urge the government to scrap all Britain's redundant warships at home instead of allowing the work to be done on beaches in south-east Asia. (Vidal)
The "green labour" initiative reflects concern about British warships being towed to India for scrapping and the arrival of four ex-US navy "ghost ships" in Mr Mandelson's constituency last year. (Vidal)
The government is about to decommission the landing ship HMS Intrepid and four Type 22 class frigates. It has not been decided where they should be sent. (Vidal)
Steven Tindale, the head of Greenpeace, said it was a disgrace that British vessels were being dismantled by women and children paid about pounds 1 a day, unprotected against asbestos or other hazardous waste. (Vidal)

== '''Transport of Toxins''' ==
=== TBT===
extremely stable and resistant to natural degradation in water, making TBT very toxic to adequate environments (Dodds). an endocrine disrupting chemical causing severe reproductive defects in aquatic organisms (tightly regulated in developed nations) (Dodds). an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Increase recognition of problems with TBT, several countries in mid 1980’s implemented national legislation with specific intentions of limiting use of TBT (Gipperth). As concentration of TBT in water and sediment remained alarmingly high, mainly from pollution from ships flying non-Japanese flags, Japan actively imposed an international ban on TBT antifouling. (Gipperth). After 1988, state action was unnecessary to prohibit the use of TBT, which most likely accounts for the lack of TBT-specific legislation in the other states. Furthermore, because antifouling paints are generally considered pesticides subject to regulation under a state’s generic pesticide laws, specific legislation banning TBT may be considered redundant in some states (Gipperth). TBT compounds most toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, fish algae, mussels, mollusks and fungi. (Stichnothe). Consumption of contaminated seafood by humans can cause severe skin and mucous membranes irritation (Stichnothe). Most severely contaminated sites were commercial harbours and shipyards. (Evans). The worst contamination was at Anacortes shipyard and at site 1.3 km from it. (Evans). High imposex scores from shores close to Port of Seattle, which has complex shipyards and harbours. (Evans). Chemical and biological measures were at background levels within less than 2 km from shipyard in Anacortes and less than 8km from Port of Seattle. (Evans). TBT is an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Used on ship hulls to prevent attachment of marine organisms to hulls, “fouling”(Gipperth). Tin, basic substance of TBT, is effective longer periods than copper which was normal additive at the time, but more poisonous and made it possible to postpone the need to repaint. (Gipperth). Though TBT paints more expensive, economic effects and arguments did not stop the quick change. (Gipperth).
=== Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB) ===
PCB’s found in electrical components, cables, vent ducts, misc. gaskets, insulation materials, adhesives, paint, and various rubber and plastic components. (Dodds). To protect environment, PCB’s must be properly incinerated or stored in special landfills where they will not leach into groundwater. (Dodds). PCB’s used for high heat resistance, inflammability, chemical stability, and high boiling point. (Dodds). Exposure to PCB’s creates significant risk of developing various cancers, affect immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Dodds). Chemical compositions of PCB’s change following release into environment. Most carciogenic PCB’s tend to build up in flesh of fish and other animals, those who eating contaminated fish face even greater health threat than shipwrecking industry workers. (Dodds).
=== Lead ===
found in batteries, paints, and components of motors, generators, piping, and cables (Dodds). Health effects of lead exposure in children- learning difficulties, mental retardation, delayed neurological and physical development. Adults- affects nervous system, impairing hearing, vision, and muscle coordination. (Dodds).
=== Bilge Water ===
(oily waste)-Accumulation of potentially polluting liquids in lowest part of ships hull (ships bilge). During mothballing or dismantling process, bilge water increases because of accumulated rainwater, cooling water, and containment water and used during ship breaking process. Bilge water contains oil, cargo residues, inorganix salts, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, and mercury (often spilt into ocean during shipwrecking process). Oil and other wastes threaten overall health and survival or many species and organisms, some of which are endangered.
=== Asbestos ===
Asbestos found in ship insulation, asbestos fibers pose serious health risk (cancers and lung diseases) to workers who inhale the fibers. Asbestos only known cause of mesothelioma- cancer of lungs, chest cavity, and abdomen.
== '''Occupational'''==
Subsequently, occupational safety and health issues emerge—particularly in association with the dismantling of beached ships in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Chang). Ship recycling workers in these countries do not wear protective equipment (helmets, masks, goggles, no signs of danger). (Chang). Majority of workers have no training with blowtorches or with hazardous substances involved in ship recycling. (Chang). Toxic fumes released during blowtorch cutting process and afterwards paint and coatins continue to smolder. (Chang). Unfortunately, there is no structured training or protective equipment given to the ship breaking workers in these developing countries such as the ship breaking site in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Alang, India]], for that reason it is not uncommon for them to suffer from major accidents. The use in ship breaking in developing countries is especially harmful in terms of child labor laws due to lack of guidelines in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Bangladesh]].

== '''Environmental'''==
carcinogenic and toxic substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ("PCBs"), asbestos, tributanlytin ("TBT"), lead, oil, and polluted ship water are released directly into the ocean. (Dodds). Sediment contamination still in effect and endangers marine and estuarine quality of environment . (Stichnothe)
Typically, navigation channels show low levels of TBT compared to sediments in harbor locations, specifically close to dockyards. (Stichnothe)
Marine biofouling defined as undesirable accumulation of marine organisms on solid surfaces, i.e. ships hull or mechanical equipment, immersed in seawater. (Stichnothe)
Extremely low concentrations of TBT still greatly affect marine organisms. (Stichnothe)
1ng of TBT cause imposex and intersex on snails. (Stichnothe)
Most important sites of pollution of TBT near coasts, especially after prohibition of use on vessels are ports, harbors, and shipyards. (Stichnothe)
In ports, TBT is released to marine environment via ship hulls and only measure to prevent is replace with environmental friendly antifouling systems. (Stichnothe)
Restriction of TBT use on vessels, concentration of TBT were reduced especially in enclosed waterways and estuaries dominated by such ships. (Stichnothe)
Although, little or no reduction of TBT concentrations were seen in sediments even after several years after TBT prohibition. (Stichnothe)

== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
[[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]

Green Ships

2015-05-28T20:47:29Z

VictoriaBeall: /* General Harms */

== '''General Harms''' ==
Ships life span 20-25 years, end of 2000 average age of ships in cargo fleet was 19 years. (Dodds)
To maintain average, 1900 ships to be recycled each year, currently 500-700 ships scrapped annually. (Dodds)
Ships decommissioned when deemed no longer safe (steel becomes fatigued from rolling during trans-ocean voyages). (Dodds)
More profitable for ship owners to recycle ships after about 20 years due to high cost of repairs and modifications to further extend life of ship. (Dodds)
Difficult, near impossible to find cargo for older ships due to insurance companies refusing insurance coverage on cargo booked ships over 20 years old. (Dodds)
Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and China recycle approx. 89% of ldt scrapped worldwide. (Dodds)
Use of anti fouling paints containing TBT has been banned since 2003. (Stichnothe)
2004, 70-80% of world’s fleet covered in TBT self polishing copolymer paints, which led to important economic benefits. (Stichnothe)
Though, possible countries not regulated by national or regional legislation will continue to use organotin compounds, specifically in national routes. (Stichnothe)
Most cases, ports and shipyards are near urban areas and presence disturbsactivities such as recreation and fishing. (Stichnothe)
Ship recycling costs are comparatively higher in the European Union (EU) and the United States of America (USA) than in Asia because of the strict regulations relating to environmental issues and [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|occupational safety]] and health issues. Thus, ship-recycling facilities in the EU and the USA are not economically viable. (Chang)

== '''Transport of Toxins''' ==
=== TBT===
extremely stable and resistant to natural degradation in water, making TBT very toxic to adequate environments (Dodds). an endocrine disrupting chemical causing severe reproductive defects in aquatic organisms (tightly regulated in developed nations) (Dodds). an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Increase recognition of problems with TBT, several countries in mid 1980’s implemented national legislation with specific intentions of limiting use of TBT (Gipperth). As concentration of TBT in water and sediment remained alarmingly high, mainly from pollution from ships flying non-Japanese flags, Japan actively imposed an international ban on TBT antifouling. (Gipperth). After 1988, state action was unnecessary to prohibit the use of TBT, which most likely accounts for the lack of TBT-specific legislation in the other states. Furthermore, because antifouling paints are generally considered pesticides subject to regulation under a state’s generic pesticide laws, specific legislation banning TBT may be considered redundant in some states (Gipperth). TBT compounds most toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, fish algae, mussels, mollusks and fungi. (Stichnothe). Consumption of contaminated seafood by humans can cause severe skin and mucous membranes irritation (Stichnothe). Most severely contaminated sites were commercial harbours and shipyards. (Evans). The worst contamination was at Anacortes shipyard and at site 1.3 km from it. (Evans). High imposex scores from shores close to Port of Seattle, which has complex shipyards and harbours. (Evans). Chemical and biological measures were at background levels within less than 2 km from shipyard in Anacortes and less than 8km from Port of Seattle. (Evans). TBT is an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Used on ship hulls to prevent attachment of marine organisms to hulls, “fouling”(Gipperth). Tin, basic substance of TBT, is effective longer periods than copper which was normal additive at the time, but more poisonous and made it possible to postpone the need to repaint. (Gipperth). Though TBT paints more expensive, economic effects and arguments did not stop the quick change. (Gipperth).
=== Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB) ===
PCB’s found in electrical components, cables, vent ducts, misc. gaskets, insulation materials, adhesives, paint, and various rubber and plastic components. (Dodds). To protect environment, PCB’s must be properly incinerated or stored in special landfills where they will not leach into groundwater. (Dodds). PCB’s used for high heat resistance, inflammability, chemical stability, and high boiling point. (Dodds). Exposure to PCB’s creates significant risk of developing various cancers, affect immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Dodds). Chemical compositions of PCB’s change following release into environment. Most carciogenic PCB’s tend to build up in flesh of fish and other animals, those who eating contaminated fish face even greater health threat than shipwrecking industry workers. (Dodds).
=== Lead ===
found in batteries, paints, and components of motors, generators, piping, and cables (Dodds). Health effects of lead exposure in children- learning difficulties, mental retardation, delayed neurological and physical development. Adults- affects nervous system, impairing hearing, vision, and muscle coordination. (Dodds).
=== Bilge Water ===
(oily waste)-Accumulation of potentially polluting liquids in lowest part of ships hull (ships bilge). During mothballing or dismantling process, bilge water increases because of accumulated rainwater, cooling water, and containment water and used during ship breaking process. Bilge water contains oil, cargo residues, inorganix salts, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, and mercury (often spilt into ocean during shipwrecking process). Oil and other wastes threaten overall health and survival or many species and organisms, some of which are endangered.
=== Asbestos ===
Asbestos found in ship insulation, asbestos fibers pose serious health risk (cancers and lung diseases) to workers who inhale the fibers. Asbestos only known cause of mesothelioma- cancer of lungs, chest cavity, and abdomen.
== '''Occupational'''==
Subsequently, occupational safety and health issues emerge—particularly in association with the dismantling of beached ships in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Chang). Ship recycling workers in these countries do not wear protective equipment (helmets, masks, goggles, no signs of danger). (Chang). Majority of workers have no training with blowtorches or with hazardous substances involved in ship recycling. (Chang). Toxic fumes released during blowtorch cutting process and afterwards paint and coatins continue to smolder. (Chang). Unfortunately, there is no structured training or protective equipment given to the ship breaking workers in these developing countries such as the ship breaking site in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Alang, India]], for that reason it is not uncommon for them to suffer from major accidents. The use in ship breaking in developing countries is especially harmful in terms of child labor laws due to lack of guidelines in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Bangladesh]].

== '''Environmental'''==
carcinogenic and toxic substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ("PCBs"), asbestos, tributanlytin ("TBT"), lead, oil, and polluted ship water are released directly into the ocean. (Dodds). Sediment contamination still in effect and endangers marine and estuarine quality of environment . (Stichnothe)
Typically, navigation channels show low levels of TBT compared to sediments in harbor locations, specifically close to dockyards. (Stichnothe)
Marine biofouling defined as undesirable accumulation of marine organisms on solid surfaces, i.e. ships hull or mechanical equipment, immersed in seawater. (Stichnothe)
Extremely low concentrations of TBT still greatly affect marine organisms. (Stichnothe)
1ng of TBT cause imposex and intersex on snails. (Stichnothe)
Most important sites of pollution of TBT near coasts, especially after prohibition of use on vessels are ports, harbors, and shipyards. (Stichnothe)
In ports, TBT is released to marine environment via ship hulls and only measure to prevent is replace with environmental friendly antifouling systems. (Stichnothe)
Restriction of TBT use on vessels, concentration of TBT were reduced especially in enclosed waterways and estuaries dominated by such ships. (Stichnothe)
Although, little or no reduction of TBT concentrations were seen in sediments even after several years after TBT prohibition. (Stichnothe)

== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
[[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]

Green Ships

2015-05-28T20:45:12Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Environmental */

== '''General Harms''' ==
Ships life span 20-25 years, end of 2000 average age of ships in cargo fleet was 19 years. (Dodds)
To maintain average, 1900 ships to be recycled each year, currently 500-700 ships scrapped annually. (Dodds)
Ships decommissioned when deemed no longer safe (steel becomes fatigued from rolling during trans-ocean voyages). (Dodds)
More profitable for ship owners to recycle ships after about 20 years due to high cost of repairs and modifications to further extend life of ship. (Dodds)
Difficult, near impossible to find cargo for older ships due to insurance companies refusing insurance coverage on cargo booked ships over 20 years old. (Dodds)
Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and China recycle approx. 89% of ldt scrapped worldwide. (Dodds)
Use of anti fouling paints containing TBT has been banned since 2003. (Stichnothe)
2004, 70-80% of world’s fleet covered in TBT self polishing copolymer paints, which led to important economic benefits. (Stichnothe)
Though, possible countries not regulated by national or regional legislation will continue to use organotin compounds, specifically in national routes. (Stichnothe)
Most cases, ports and shipyards are near urban areas and presence disturbsactivities such as recreation and fishing. (Stichnothe)

== '''Transport of Toxins''' ==
=== TBT===
extremely stable and resistant to natural degradation in water, making TBT very toxic to adequate environments (Dodds). an endocrine disrupting chemical causing severe reproductive defects in aquatic organisms (tightly regulated in developed nations) (Dodds). an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Increase recognition of problems with TBT, several countries in mid 1980’s implemented national legislation with specific intentions of limiting use of TBT (Gipperth). As concentration of TBT in water and sediment remained alarmingly high, mainly from pollution from ships flying non-Japanese flags, Japan actively imposed an international ban on TBT antifouling. (Gipperth). After 1988, state action was unnecessary to prohibit the use of TBT, which most likely accounts for the lack of TBT-specific legislation in the other states. Furthermore, because antifouling paints are generally considered pesticides subject to regulation under a state’s generic pesticide laws, specific legislation banning TBT may be considered redundant in some states (Gipperth). TBT compounds most toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, fish algae, mussels, mollusks and fungi. (Stichnothe). Consumption of contaminated seafood by humans can cause severe skin and mucous membranes irritation (Stichnothe). Most severely contaminated sites were commercial harbours and shipyards. (Evans). The worst contamination was at Anacortes shipyard and at site 1.3 km from it. (Evans). High imposex scores from shores close to Port of Seattle, which has complex shipyards and harbours. (Evans). Chemical and biological measures were at background levels within less than 2 km from shipyard in Anacortes and less than 8km from Port of Seattle. (Evans). TBT is an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Used on ship hulls to prevent attachment of marine organisms to hulls, “fouling”(Gipperth). Tin, basic substance of TBT, is effective longer periods than copper which was normal additive at the time, but more poisonous and made it possible to postpone the need to repaint. (Gipperth). Though TBT paints more expensive, economic effects and arguments did not stop the quick change. (Gipperth).
=== Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB) ===
PCB’s found in electrical components, cables, vent ducts, misc. gaskets, insulation materials, adhesives, paint, and various rubber and plastic components. (Dodds). To protect environment, PCB’s must be properly incinerated or stored in special landfills where they will not leach into groundwater. (Dodds). PCB’s used for high heat resistance, inflammability, chemical stability, and high boiling point. (Dodds). Exposure to PCB’s creates significant risk of developing various cancers, affect immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Dodds). Chemical compositions of PCB’s change following release into environment. Most carciogenic PCB’s tend to build up in flesh of fish and other animals, those who eating contaminated fish face even greater health threat than shipwrecking industry workers. (Dodds).
=== Lead ===
found in batteries, paints, and components of motors, generators, piping, and cables (Dodds). Health effects of lead exposure in children- learning difficulties, mental retardation, delayed neurological and physical development. Adults- affects nervous system, impairing hearing, vision, and muscle coordination. (Dodds).
=== Bilge Water ===
(oily waste)-Accumulation of potentially polluting liquids in lowest part of ships hull (ships bilge). During mothballing or dismantling process, bilge water increases because of accumulated rainwater, cooling water, and containment water and used during ship breaking process. Bilge water contains oil, cargo residues, inorganix salts, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, and mercury (often spilt into ocean during shipwrecking process). Oil and other wastes threaten overall health and survival or many species and organisms, some of which are endangered.
=== Asbestos ===
Asbestos found in ship insulation, asbestos fibers pose serious health risk (cancers and lung diseases) to workers who inhale the fibers. Asbestos only known cause of mesothelioma- cancer of lungs, chest cavity, and abdomen.
== '''Occupational'''==
Subsequently, occupational safety and health issues emerge—particularly in association with the dismantling of beached ships in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Chang). Ship recycling workers in these countries do not wear protective equipment (helmets, masks, goggles, no signs of danger). (Chang). Majority of workers have no training with blowtorches or with hazardous substances involved in ship recycling. (Chang). Toxic fumes released during blowtorch cutting process and afterwards paint and coatins continue to smolder. (Chang). Unfortunately, there is no structured training or protective equipment given to the ship breaking workers in these developing countries such as the ship breaking site in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Alang, India]], for that reason it is not uncommon for them to suffer from major accidents. The use in ship breaking in developing countries is especially harmful in terms of child labor laws due to lack of guidelines in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Bangladesh]].

== '''Environmental'''==
carcinogenic and toxic substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ("PCBs"), asbestos, tributanlytin ("TBT"), lead, oil, and polluted ship water are released directly into the ocean. (Dodds). Sediment contamination still in effect and endangers marine and estuarine quality of environment . (Stichnothe)
Typically, navigation channels show low levels of TBT compared to sediments in harbor locations, specifically close to dockyards. (Stichnothe)
Marine biofouling defined as undesirable accumulation of marine organisms on solid surfaces, i.e. ships hull or mechanical equipment, immersed in seawater. (Stichnothe)
Extremely low concentrations of TBT still greatly affect marine organisms. (Stichnothe)
1ng of TBT cause imposex and intersex on snails. (Stichnothe)
Most important sites of pollution of TBT near coasts, especially after prohibition of use on vessels are ports, harbors, and shipyards. (Stichnothe)
In ports, TBT is released to marine environment via ship hulls and only measure to prevent is replace with environmental friendly antifouling systems. (Stichnothe)
Restriction of TBT use on vessels, concentration of TBT were reduced especially in enclosed waterways and estuaries dominated by such ships. (Stichnothe)
Although, little or no reduction of TBT concentrations were seen in sediments even after several years after TBT prohibition. (Stichnothe)

== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
[[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]

Green Ships

2015-05-28T20:44:36Z

VictoriaBeall:

== '''General Harms''' ==
Ships life span 20-25 years, end of 2000 average age of ships in cargo fleet was 19 years. (Dodds)
To maintain average, 1900 ships to be recycled each year, currently 500-700 ships scrapped annually. (Dodds)
Ships decommissioned when deemed no longer safe (steel becomes fatigued from rolling during trans-ocean voyages). (Dodds)
More profitable for ship owners to recycle ships after about 20 years due to high cost of repairs and modifications to further extend life of ship. (Dodds)
Difficult, near impossible to find cargo for older ships due to insurance companies refusing insurance coverage on cargo booked ships over 20 years old. (Dodds)
Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and China recycle approx. 89% of ldt scrapped worldwide. (Dodds)
Use of anti fouling paints containing TBT has been banned since 2003. (Stichnothe)
2004, 70-80% of world’s fleet covered in TBT self polishing copolymer paints, which led to important economic benefits. (Stichnothe)
Though, possible countries not regulated by national or regional legislation will continue to use organotin compounds, specifically in national routes. (Stichnothe)
Most cases, ports and shipyards are near urban areas and presence disturbsactivities such as recreation and fishing. (Stichnothe)

== '''Transport of Toxins''' ==
=== TBT===
extremely stable and resistant to natural degradation in water, making TBT very toxic to adequate environments (Dodds). an endocrine disrupting chemical causing severe reproductive defects in aquatic organisms (tightly regulated in developed nations) (Dodds). an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Increase recognition of problems with TBT, several countries in mid 1980’s implemented national legislation with specific intentions of limiting use of TBT (Gipperth). As concentration of TBT in water and sediment remained alarmingly high, mainly from pollution from ships flying non-Japanese flags, Japan actively imposed an international ban on TBT antifouling. (Gipperth). After 1988, state action was unnecessary to prohibit the use of TBT, which most likely accounts for the lack of TBT-specific legislation in the other states. Furthermore, because antifouling paints are generally considered pesticides subject to regulation under a state’s generic pesticide laws, specific legislation banning TBT may be considered redundant in some states (Gipperth). TBT compounds most toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, fish algae, mussels, mollusks and fungi. (Stichnothe). Consumption of contaminated seafood by humans can cause severe skin and mucous membranes irritation (Stichnothe). Most severely contaminated sites were commercial harbours and shipyards. (Evans). The worst contamination was at Anacortes shipyard and at site 1.3 km from it. (Evans). High imposex scores from shores close to Port of Seattle, which has complex shipyards and harbours. (Evans). Chemical and biological measures were at background levels within less than 2 km from shipyard in Anacortes and less than 8km from Port of Seattle. (Evans). TBT is an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Used on ship hulls to prevent attachment of marine organisms to hulls, “fouling”(Gipperth). Tin, basic substance of TBT, is effective longer periods than copper which was normal additive at the time, but more poisonous and made it possible to postpone the need to repaint. (Gipperth). Though TBT paints more expensive, economic effects and arguments did not stop the quick change. (Gipperth).
=== Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB) ===
PCB’s found in electrical components, cables, vent ducts, misc. gaskets, insulation materials, adhesives, paint, and various rubber and plastic components. (Dodds). To protect environment, PCB’s must be properly incinerated or stored in special landfills where they will not leach into groundwater. (Dodds). PCB’s used for high heat resistance, inflammability, chemical stability, and high boiling point. (Dodds). Exposure to PCB’s creates significant risk of developing various cancers, affect immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Dodds). Chemical compositions of PCB’s change following release into environment. Most carciogenic PCB’s tend to build up in flesh of fish and other animals, those who eating contaminated fish face even greater health threat than shipwrecking industry workers. (Dodds).
=== Lead ===
found in batteries, paints, and components of motors, generators, piping, and cables (Dodds). Health effects of lead exposure in children- learning difficulties, mental retardation, delayed neurological and physical development. Adults- affects nervous system, impairing hearing, vision, and muscle coordination. (Dodds).
=== Bilge Water ===
(oily waste)-Accumulation of potentially polluting liquids in lowest part of ships hull (ships bilge). During mothballing or dismantling process, bilge water increases because of accumulated rainwater, cooling water, and containment water and used during ship breaking process. Bilge water contains oil, cargo residues, inorganix salts, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, and mercury (often spilt into ocean during shipwrecking process). Oil and other wastes threaten overall health and survival or many species and organisms, some of which are endangered.
=== Asbestos ===
Asbestos found in ship insulation, asbestos fibers pose serious health risk (cancers and lung diseases) to workers who inhale the fibers. Asbestos only known cause of mesothelioma- cancer of lungs, chest cavity, and abdomen.
== '''Occupational'''==
Subsequently, occupational safety and health issues emerge—particularly in association with the dismantling of beached ships in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Chang). Ship recycling workers in these countries do not wear protective equipment (helmets, masks, goggles, no signs of danger). (Chang). Majority of workers have no training with blowtorches or with hazardous substances involved in ship recycling. (Chang). Toxic fumes released during blowtorch cutting process and afterwards paint and coatins continue to smolder. (Chang). Unfortunately, there is no structured training or protective equipment given to the ship breaking workers in these developing countries such as the ship breaking site in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Alang, India]], for that reason it is not uncommon for them to suffer from major accidents. The use in ship breaking in developing countries is especially harmful in terms of child labor laws due to lack of guidelines in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Bangladesh]].

== '''Environmental'''==
carcinogenic and toxic substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ("PCBs"), asbestos, tributanlytin ("TBT"), lead, oil, and polluted ship water are released directly into the ocean. (Dodds). Sediment contamination still in effect and endangers marine and estuarine quality of environment . (Stichnothe)
Typically, navigation channels show low levels of TBT compared to sediments in harbor locations, specifically close to dockyards. (Stichnothe)
Marine biofouling defined as undesirable accumulation of marine organisms on solid surfaces, i.e. ships hull or mechanical equipment, immersed in seawater. (Stichnothe)
Extremely low concentrations of TBT still greatly affect marine organisms. (Stichnothe)
1ng of TBT cause imposex and intersex on snails. (Stichnothe)
Most important sites of pollution of TBT near coasts, especially after prohibition of use on vessels are ports, harbors, and shipyards. (Stichnothe)

== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
[[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]

Green Ships

2015-05-28T20:43:24Z

VictoriaBeall: /* General Harms */

== '''General Harms''' ==
Ships life span 20-25 years, end of 2000 average age of ships in cargo fleet was 19 years. (Dodds)
To maintain average, 1900 ships to be recycled each year, currently 500-700 ships scrapped annually. (Dodds)
Ships decommissioned when deemed no longer safe (steel becomes fatigued from rolling during trans-ocean voyages). (Dodds)
More profitable for ship owners to recycle ships after about 20 years due to high cost of repairs and modifications to further extend life of ship. (Dodds)
Difficult, near impossible to find cargo for older ships due to insurance companies refusing insurance coverage on cargo booked ships over 20 years old. (Dodds)
Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and China recycle approx. 89% of ldt scrapped worldwide. (Dodds)
Use of anti fouling paints containing TBT has been banned since 2003. (Stichnothe)
2004, 70-80% of world’s fleet covered in TBT self polishing copolymer paints, which led to important economic benefits. (Stichnothe)
Though, possible countries not regulated by national or regional legislation will continue to use organotin compounds, specifically in national routes. (Stichnothe)
Most cases, ports and shipyards are near urban areas and presence disturbsactivities such as recreation and fishing. (Stichnothe)

== '''Transport of Toxins''' ==
=== TBT===
extremely stable and resistant to natural degradation in water, making TBT very toxic to adequate environments (Dodds). an endocrine disrupting chemical causing severe reproductive defects in aquatic organisms (tightly regulated in developed nations) (Dodds). an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Increase recognition of problems with TBT, several countries in mid 1980’s implemented national legislation with specific intentions of limiting use of TBT (Gipperth). As concentration of TBT in water and sediment remained alarmingly high, mainly from pollution from ships flying non-Japanese flags, Japan actively imposed an international ban on TBT antifouling. (Gipperth). After 1988, state action was unnecessary to prohibit the use of TBT, which most likely accounts for the lack of TBT-specific legislation in the other states. Furthermore, because antifouling paints are generally considered pesticides subject to regulation under a state’s generic pesticide laws, specific legislation banning TBT may be considered redundant in some states (Gipperth). TBT compounds most toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, fish algae, mussels, mollusks and fungi. (Stichnothe). Consumption of contaminated seafood by humans can cause severe skin and mucous membranes irritation (Stichnothe). Most severely contaminated sites were commercial harbours and shipyards. (Evans). The worst contamination was at Anacortes shipyard and at site 1.3 km from it. (Evans). High imposex scores from shores close to Port of Seattle, which has complex shipyards and harbours. (Evans). Chemical and biological measures were at background levels within less than 2 km from shipyard in Anacortes and less than 8km from Port of Seattle. (Evans). TBT is an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Used on ship hulls to prevent attachment of marine organisms to hulls, “fouling”(Gipperth). Tin, basic substance of TBT, is effective longer periods than copper which was normal additive at the time, but more poisonous and made it possible to postpone the need to repaint. (Gipperth). Though TBT paints more expensive, economic effects and arguments did not stop the quick change. (Gipperth).
=== Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB) ===
PCB’s found in electrical components, cables, vent ducts, misc. gaskets, insulation materials, adhesives, paint, and various rubber and plastic components. (Dodds). To protect environment, PCB’s must be properly incinerated or stored in special landfills where they will not leach into groundwater. (Dodds). PCB’s used for high heat resistance, inflammability, chemical stability, and high boiling point. (Dodds). Exposure to PCB’s creates significant risk of developing various cancers, affect immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Dodds). Chemical compositions of PCB’s change following release into environment. Most carciogenic PCB’s tend to build up in flesh of fish and other animals, those who eating contaminated fish face even greater health threat than shipwrecking industry workers. (Dodds).
=== Lead ===
found in batteries, paints, and components of motors, generators, piping, and cables (Dodds). Health effects of lead exposure in children- learning difficulties, mental retardation, delayed neurological and physical development. Adults- affects nervous system, impairing hearing, vision, and muscle coordination. (Dodds).
=== Bilge Water ===
(oily waste)-Accumulation of potentially polluting liquids in lowest part of ships hull (ships bilge). During mothballing or dismantling process, bilge water increases because of accumulated rainwater, cooling water, and containment water and used during ship breaking process. Bilge water contains oil, cargo residues, inorganix salts, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, and mercury (often spilt into ocean during shipwrecking process). Oil and other wastes threaten overall health and survival or many species and organisms, some of which are endangered.
=== Asbestos === Asbestos found in ship insulation, asbestos fibers pose serious health risk (cancers and lung diseases) to workers who inhale the fibers. Asbestos only known cause of mesothelioma- cancer of lungs, chest cavity, and abdomen.
== '''Occupational'''==
Subsequently, occupational safety and health issues emerge—particularly in association with the dismantling of beached ships in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Chang). Ship recycling workers in these countries do not wear protective equipment (helmets, masks, goggles, no signs of danger). (Chang). Majority of workers have no training with blowtorches or with hazardous substances involved in ship recycling. (Chang). Toxic fumes released during blowtorch cutting process and afterwards paint and coatins continue to smolder. (Chang). Unfortunately, there is no structured training or protective equipment given to the ship breaking workers in these developing countries such as the ship breaking site in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Alang, India]], for that reason it is not uncommon for them to suffer from major accidents. The use in ship breaking in developing countries is especially harmful in terms of child labor laws due to lack of guidelines in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Bangladesh]].

== '''Environmental'''==
carcinogenic and toxic substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ("PCBs"), asbestos, tributanlytin ("TBT"), lead, oil, and polluted ship water are released directly into the ocean. (Dodds). Sediment contamination still in effect and endangers marine and estuarine quality of environment . (Stichnothe)
Typically, navigation channels show low levels of TBT compared to sediments in harbor locations, specifically close to dockyards. (Stichnothe)
Marine biofouling defined as undesirable accumulation of marine organisms on solid surfaces, i.e. ships hull or mechanical equipment, immersed in seawater. (Stichnothe)
Extremely low concentrations of TBT still greatly affect marine organisms. (Stichnothe)
1ng of TBT cause imposex and intersex on snails. (Stichnothe)
Most important sites of pollution of TBT near coasts, especially after prohibition of use on vessels are ports, harbors, and shipyards. (Stichnothe)

== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
[[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]

Green Ships

2015-05-28T20:42:30Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Environmental */

== '''General Harms''' ==
Ships life span 20-25 years, end of 2000 average age of ships in cargo fleet was 19 years. (Dodds)
To maintain average, 1900 ships to be recycled each year, currently 500-700 ships scrapped annually. (Dodds)
Ships decommissioned when deemed no longer safe (steel becomes fatigued from rolling during trans-ocean voyages). (Dodds)
More profitable for ship owners to recycle ships after about 20 years due to high cost of repairs and modifcations to further extend life of ship. (Dodds)
Difficult, near impossible to find cargo for older ships due to insurance companies refusing insurance coverage on cargo booked ships over 20 years old. (Dodds)
Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and China recycle approx. 89% of ldt scrapped worldwide. (Dodds)
Use of antifouling paints containing TBT has been banned since 2003. (Stichnothe)
2004, 70-80% of world’s fleet covered in TBT self polishing copolymer paints, which led to important economic benefits. (Stichnothe)
Though, possible countries not regulated by national or regional legislation will continue to use organotin compounds, specifically in national routes. (Stichnothe)

== '''Transport of Toxins''' ==
=== TBT===
extremely stable and resistant to natural degradation in water, making TBT very toxic to adequate environments (Dodds). an endocrine disrupting chemical causing severe reproductive defects in aquatic organisms (tightly regulated in developed nations) (Dodds). an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Increase recognition of problems with TBT, several countries in mid 1980’s implemented national legislation with specific intentions of limiting use of TBT (Gipperth). As concentration of TBT in water and sediment remained alarmingly high, mainly from pollution from ships flying non-Japanese flags, Japan actively imposed an international ban on TBT antifouling. (Gipperth). After 1988, state action was unnecessary to prohibit the use of TBT, which most likely accounts for the lack of TBT-specific legislation in the other states. Furthermore, because antifouling paints are generally considered pesticides subject to regulation under a state’s generic pesticide laws, specific legislation banning TBT may be considered redundant in some states (Gipperth). TBT compounds most toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, fish algae, mussels, mollusks and fungi. (Stichnothe). Consumption of contaminated seafood by humans can cause severe skin and mucous membranes irritation (Stichnothe). Most severely contaminated sites were commercial harbours and shipyards. (Evans). The worst contamination was at Anacortes shipyard and at site 1.3 km from it. (Evans). High imposex scores from shores close to Port of Seattle, which has complex shipyards and harbours. (Evans). Chemical and biological measures were at background levels within less than 2 km from shipyard in Anacortes and less than 8km from Port of Seattle. (Evans). TBT is an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Used on ship hulls to prevent attachment of marine organisms to hulls, “fouling”(Gipperth). Tin, basic substance of TBT, is effective longer periods than copper which was normal additive at the time, but more poisonous and made it possible to postpone the need to repaint. (Gipperth). Though TBT paints more expensive, economic effects and arguments did not stop the quick change. (Gipperth).
=== Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB) ===
PCB’s found in electrical components, cables, vent ducts, misc. gaskets, insulation materials, adhesives, paint, and various rubber and plastic components. (Dodds). To protect environment, PCB’s must be properly incinerated or stored in special landfills where they will not leach into groundwater. (Dodds). PCB’s used for high heat resistance, inflammability, chemical stability, and high boiling point. (Dodds). Exposure to PCB’s creates significant risk of developing various cancers, affect immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Dodds). Chemical compositions of PCB’s change following release into environment. Most carciogenic PCB’s tend to build up in flesh of fish and other animals, those who eating contaminated fish face even greater health threat than shipwrecking industry workers. (Dodds).
=== Lead ===
found in batteries, paints, and components of motors, generators, piping, and cables (Dodds). Health effects of lead exposure in children- learning difficulties, mental retardation, delayed neurological and physical development. Adults- affects nervous system, impairing hearing, vision, and muscle coordination. (Dodds).
=== Bilge Water ===
(oily waste)-Accumulation of potentially polluting liquids in lowest part of ships hull (ships bilge). During mothballing or dismantling process, bilge water increases because of accumulated rainwater, cooling water, and containment water and used during ship breaking process. Bilge water contains oil, cargo residues, inorganix salts, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, and mercury (often spilt into ocean during shipwrecking process). Oil and other wastes threaten overall health and survival or many species and organisms, some of which are endangered.
=== Asbestos === Asbestos found in ship insulation, asbestos fibers pose serious health risk (cancers and lung diseases) to workers who inhale the fibers. Asbestos only known cause of mesothelioma- cancer of lungs, chest cavity, and abdomen.
== '''Occupational'''==
Subsequently, occupational safety and health issues emerge—particularly in association with the dismantling of beached ships in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Chang). Ship recycling workers in these countries do not wear protective equipment (helmets, masks, goggles, no signs of danger). (Chang). Majority of workers have no training with blowtorches or with hazardous substances involved in ship recycling. (Chang). Toxic fumes released during blowtorch cutting process and afterwards paint and coatins continue to smolder. (Chang). Unfortunately, there is no structured training or protective equipment given to the ship breaking workers in these developing countries such as the ship breaking site in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Alang, India]], for that reason it is not uncommon for them to suffer from major accidents. The use in ship breaking in developing countries is especially harmful in terms of child labor laws due to lack of guidelines in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Bangladesh]].

== '''Environmental'''==
carcinogenic and toxic substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ("PCBs"), asbestos, tributanlytin ("TBT"), lead, oil, and polluted ship water are released directly into the ocean. (Dodds). Sediment contamination still in effect and endangers marine and estuarine quality of environment . (Stichnothe)
Typically, navigation channels show low levels of TBT compared to sediments in harbor locations, specifically close to dockyards. (Stichnothe)
Marine biofouling defined as undesirable accumulation of marine organisms on solid surfaces, i.e. ships hull or mechanical equipment, immersed in seawater. (Stichnothe)
Extremely low concentrations of TBT still greatly affect marine organisms. (Stichnothe)
1ng of TBT cause imposex and intersex on snails. (Stichnothe)
Most important sites of pollution of TBT near coasts, especially after prohibition of use on vessels are ports, harbors, and shipyards. (Stichnothe)

== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
[[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]

Green Ships

2015-05-28T20:41:55Z

VictoriaBeall: /* General Harms */

== '''General Harms''' ==
Ships life span 20-25 years, end of 2000 average age of ships in cargo fleet was 19 years. (Dodds)
To maintain average, 1900 ships to be recycled each year, currently 500-700 ships scrapped annually. (Dodds)
Ships decommissioned when deemed no longer safe (steel becomes fatigued from rolling during trans-ocean voyages). (Dodds)
More profitable for ship owners to recycle ships after about 20 years due to high cost of repairs and modifcations to further extend life of ship. (Dodds)
Difficult, near impossible to find cargo for older ships due to insurance companies refusing insurance coverage on cargo booked ships over 20 years old. (Dodds)
Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and China recycle approx. 89% of ldt scrapped worldwide. (Dodds)
Use of antifouling paints containing TBT has been banned since 2003. (Stichnothe)
2004, 70-80% of world’s fleet covered in TBT self polishing copolymer paints, which led to important economic benefits. (Stichnothe)
Though, possible countries not regulated by national or regional legislation will continue to use organotin compounds, specifically in national routes. (Stichnothe)

== '''Transport of Toxins''' ==
=== TBT===
extremely stable and resistant to natural degradation in water, making TBT very toxic to adequate environments (Dodds). an endocrine disrupting chemical causing severe reproductive defects in aquatic organisms (tightly regulated in developed nations) (Dodds). an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Increase recognition of problems with TBT, several countries in mid 1980’s implemented national legislation with specific intentions of limiting use of TBT (Gipperth). As concentration of TBT in water and sediment remained alarmingly high, mainly from pollution from ships flying non-Japanese flags, Japan actively imposed an international ban on TBT antifouling. (Gipperth). After 1988, state action was unnecessary to prohibit the use of TBT, which most likely accounts for the lack of TBT-specific legislation in the other states. Furthermore, because antifouling paints are generally considered pesticides subject to regulation under a state’s generic pesticide laws, specific legislation banning TBT may be considered redundant in some states (Gipperth). TBT compounds most toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, fish algae, mussels, mollusks and fungi. (Stichnothe). Consumption of contaminated seafood by humans can cause severe skin and mucous membranes irritation (Stichnothe). Most severely contaminated sites were commercial harbours and shipyards. (Evans). The worst contamination was at Anacortes shipyard and at site 1.3 km from it. (Evans). High imposex scores from shores close to Port of Seattle, which has complex shipyards and harbours. (Evans). Chemical and biological measures were at background levels within less than 2 km from shipyard in Anacortes and less than 8km from Port of Seattle. (Evans). TBT is an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Used on ship hulls to prevent attachment of marine organisms to hulls, “fouling”(Gipperth). Tin, basic substance of TBT, is effective longer periods than copper which was normal additive at the time, but more poisonous and made it possible to postpone the need to repaint. (Gipperth). Though TBT paints more expensive, economic effects and arguments did not stop the quick change. (Gipperth).
=== Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB) ===
PCB’s found in electrical components, cables, vent ducts, misc. gaskets, insulation materials, adhesives, paint, and various rubber and plastic components. (Dodds). To protect environment, PCB’s must be properly incinerated or stored in special landfills where they will not leach into groundwater. (Dodds). PCB’s used for high heat resistance, inflammability, chemical stability, and high boiling point. (Dodds). Exposure to PCB’s creates significant risk of developing various cancers, affect immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Dodds). Chemical compositions of PCB’s change following release into environment. Most carciogenic PCB’s tend to build up in flesh of fish and other animals, those who eating contaminated fish face even greater health threat than shipwrecking industry workers. (Dodds).
=== Lead ===
found in batteries, paints, and components of motors, generators, piping, and cables (Dodds). Health effects of lead exposure in children- learning difficulties, mental retardation, delayed neurological and physical development. Adults- affects nervous system, impairing hearing, vision, and muscle coordination. (Dodds).
=== Bilge Water ===
(oily waste)-Accumulation of potentially polluting liquids in lowest part of ships hull (ships bilge). During mothballing or dismantling process, bilge water increases because of accumulated rainwater, cooling water, and containment water and used during ship breaking process. Bilge water contains oil, cargo residues, inorganix salts, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, and mercury (often spilt into ocean during shipwrecking process). Oil and other wastes threaten overall health and survival or many species and organisms, some of which are endangered.
=== Asbestos === Asbestos found in ship insulation, asbestos fibers pose serious health risk (cancers and lung diseases) to workers who inhale the fibers. Asbestos only known cause of mesothelioma- cancer of lungs, chest cavity, and abdomen.
== '''Occupational'''==
Subsequently, occupational safety and health issues emerge—particularly in association with the dismantling of beached ships in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Chang). Ship recycling workers in these countries do not wear protective equipment (helmets, masks, goggles, no signs of danger). (Chang). Majority of workers have no training with blowtorches or with hazardous substances involved in ship recycling. (Chang). Toxic fumes released during blowtorch cutting process and afterwards paint and coatins continue to smolder. (Chang). Unfortunately, there is no structured training or protective equipment given to the ship breaking workers in these developing countries such as the ship breaking site in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Alang, India]], for that reason it is not uncommon for them to suffer from major accidents. The use in ship breaking in developing countries is especially harmful in terms of child labor laws due to lack of guidelines in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Bangladesh]].

== '''Environmental'''==
carcinogenic and toxic substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ("PCBs"), asbestos, tributanlytin ("TBT"), lead, oil, and polluted ship water are released directly into the ocean. (Dodds). Sediment contamination still in effect and endangers marine and estuarine quality of environment . (Stichnothe)
Typically, navigation channels show low levels of TBT compared to sediments in harbor locations, specifically close to dockyards. (Stichnothe)
Marine biofouling defined as undesirable accumulation of marine organisms on solid surfaces, i.e. ships hull or mechanical equipment, immersed in seawater. (Stichnothe)
Extremely low concentrations of TBT still greatly affect marine organisms. (Stichnothe)
1ng of TBT cause imposex and intersex on snails. (Stichnothe)

== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
[[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]

Green Ships

2015-05-28T20:41:29Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Environmental */

== '''General Harms''' ==
Ships life span 20-25 years, end of 2000 average age of ships in cargo fleet was 19 years. (Dodds)
To maintain average, 1900 ships to be recycled each year, currently 500-700 ships scrapped annually. (Dodds)
Ships decommissioned when deemed no longer safe (steel becomes fatigued from rolling during trans-ocean voyages). (Dodds)
More profitable for ship owners to recycle ships after about 20 years due to high cost of repairs and modifcations to further extend life of ship. (Dodds)
Difficult, near impossible to find cargo for older ships due to insurance companies refusing insurance coverage on cargo booked ships over 20 years old. (Dodds)
Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and China recycle approx. 89% of ldt scrapped worldwide. (Dodds)
Use of antifouling paints containing TBT has been banned since 2003. (Stichnothe)
2004, 70-80% of world’s fleet covered in TBT self polishing copolymer paints, which led to important economic benefits. (Stichnothe)

== '''Transport of Toxins''' ==
=== TBT===
extremely stable and resistant to natural degradation in water, making TBT very toxic to adequate environments (Dodds). an endocrine disrupting chemical causing severe reproductive defects in aquatic organisms (tightly regulated in developed nations) (Dodds). an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Increase recognition of problems with TBT, several countries in mid 1980’s implemented national legislation with specific intentions of limiting use of TBT (Gipperth). As concentration of TBT in water and sediment remained alarmingly high, mainly from pollution from ships flying non-Japanese flags, Japan actively imposed an international ban on TBT antifouling. (Gipperth). After 1988, state action was unnecessary to prohibit the use of TBT, which most likely accounts for the lack of TBT-specific legislation in the other states. Furthermore, because antifouling paints are generally considered pesticides subject to regulation under a state’s generic pesticide laws, specific legislation banning TBT may be considered redundant in some states (Gipperth). TBT compounds most toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, fish algae, mussels, mollusks and fungi. (Stichnothe). Consumption of contaminated seafood by humans can cause severe skin and mucous membranes irritation (Stichnothe). Most severely contaminated sites were commercial harbours and shipyards. (Evans). The worst contamination was at Anacortes shipyard and at site 1.3 km from it. (Evans). High imposex scores from shores close to Port of Seattle, which has complex shipyards and harbours. (Evans). Chemical and biological measures were at background levels within less than 2 km from shipyard in Anacortes and less than 8km from Port of Seattle. (Evans). TBT is an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Used on ship hulls to prevent attachment of marine organisms to hulls, “fouling”(Gipperth). Tin, basic substance of TBT, is effective longer periods than copper which was normal additive at the time, but more poisonous and made it possible to postpone the need to repaint. (Gipperth). Though TBT paints more expensive, economic effects and arguments did not stop the quick change. (Gipperth).
=== Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB) ===
PCB’s found in electrical components, cables, vent ducts, misc. gaskets, insulation materials, adhesives, paint, and various rubber and plastic components. (Dodds). To protect environment, PCB’s must be properly incinerated or stored in special landfills where they will not leach into groundwater. (Dodds). PCB’s used for high heat resistance, inflammability, chemical stability, and high boiling point. (Dodds). Exposure to PCB’s creates significant risk of developing various cancers, affect immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Dodds). Chemical compositions of PCB’s change following release into environment. Most carciogenic PCB’s tend to build up in flesh of fish and other animals, those who eating contaminated fish face even greater health threat than shipwrecking industry workers. (Dodds).
=== Lead ===
found in batteries, paints, and components of motors, generators, piping, and cables (Dodds). Health effects of lead exposure in children- learning difficulties, mental retardation, delayed neurological and physical development. Adults- affects nervous system, impairing hearing, vision, and muscle coordination. (Dodds).
=== Bilge Water ===
(oily waste)-Accumulation of potentially polluting liquids in lowest part of ships hull (ships bilge). During mothballing or dismantling process, bilge water increases because of accumulated rainwater, cooling water, and containment water and used during ship breaking process. Bilge water contains oil, cargo residues, inorganix salts, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, and mercury (often spilt into ocean during shipwrecking process). Oil and other wastes threaten overall health and survival or many species and organisms, some of which are endangered.
=== Asbestos === Asbestos found in ship insulation, asbestos fibers pose serious health risk (cancers and lung diseases) to workers who inhale the fibers. Asbestos only known cause of mesothelioma- cancer of lungs, chest cavity, and abdomen.
== '''Occupational'''==
Subsequently, occupational safety and health issues emerge—particularly in association with the dismantling of beached ships in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Chang). Ship recycling workers in these countries do not wear protective equipment (helmets, masks, goggles, no signs of danger). (Chang). Majority of workers have no training with blowtorches or with hazardous substances involved in ship recycling. (Chang). Toxic fumes released during blowtorch cutting process and afterwards paint and coatins continue to smolder. (Chang). Unfortunately, there is no structured training or protective equipment given to the ship breaking workers in these developing countries such as the ship breaking site in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Alang, India]], for that reason it is not uncommon for them to suffer from major accidents. The use in ship breaking in developing countries is especially harmful in terms of child labor laws due to lack of guidelines in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Bangladesh]].

== '''Environmental'''==
carcinogenic and toxic substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ("PCBs"), asbestos, tributanlytin ("TBT"), lead, oil, and polluted ship water are released directly into the ocean. (Dodds). Sediment contamination still in effect and endangers marine and estuarine quality of environment . (Stichnothe)
Typically, navigation channels show low levels of TBT compared to sediments in harbor locations, specifically close to dockyards. (Stichnothe)
Marine biofouling defined as undesirable accumulation of marine organisms on solid surfaces, i.e. ships hull or mechanical equipment, immersed in seawater. (Stichnothe)
Extremely low concentrations of TBT still greatly affect marine organisms. (Stichnothe)
1ng of TBT cause imposex and intersex on snails. (Stichnothe)

== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
[[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]

Green Ships

2015-05-28T20:41:02Z

VictoriaBeall: /* General Harms */

== '''General Harms''' ==
Ships life span 20-25 years, end of 2000 average age of ships in cargo fleet was 19 years. (Dodds)
To maintain average, 1900 ships to be recycled each year, currently 500-700 ships scrapped annually. (Dodds)
Ships decommissioned when deemed no longer safe (steel becomes fatigued from rolling during trans-ocean voyages). (Dodds)
More profitable for ship owners to recycle ships after about 20 years due to high cost of repairs and modifcations to further extend life of ship. (Dodds)
Difficult, near impossible to find cargo for older ships due to insurance companies refusing insurance coverage on cargo booked ships over 20 years old. (Dodds)
Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and China recycle approx. 89% of ldt scrapped worldwide. (Dodds)
Use of antifouling paints containing TBT has been banned since 2003. (Stichnothe)
2004, 70-80% of world’s fleet covered in TBT self polishing copolymer paints, which led to important economic benefits. (Stichnothe)

== '''Transport of Toxins''' ==
=== TBT===
extremely stable and resistant to natural degradation in water, making TBT very toxic to adequate environments (Dodds). an endocrine disrupting chemical causing severe reproductive defects in aquatic organisms (tightly regulated in developed nations) (Dodds). an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Increase recognition of problems with TBT, several countries in mid 1980’s implemented national legislation with specific intentions of limiting use of TBT (Gipperth). As concentration of TBT in water and sediment remained alarmingly high, mainly from pollution from ships flying non-Japanese flags, Japan actively imposed an international ban on TBT antifouling. (Gipperth). After 1988, state action was unnecessary to prohibit the use of TBT, which most likely accounts for the lack of TBT-specific legislation in the other states. Furthermore, because antifouling paints are generally considered pesticides subject to regulation under a state’s generic pesticide laws, specific legislation banning TBT may be considered redundant in some states (Gipperth). TBT compounds most toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, fish algae, mussels, mollusks and fungi. (Stichnothe). Consumption of contaminated seafood by humans can cause severe skin and mucous membranes irritation (Stichnothe). Most severely contaminated sites were commercial harbours and shipyards. (Evans). The worst contamination was at Anacortes shipyard and at site 1.3 km from it. (Evans). High imposex scores from shores close to Port of Seattle, which has complex shipyards and harbours. (Evans). Chemical and biological measures were at background levels within less than 2 km from shipyard in Anacortes and less than 8km from Port of Seattle. (Evans). TBT is an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Used on ship hulls to prevent attachment of marine organisms to hulls, “fouling”(Gipperth). Tin, basic substance of TBT, is effective longer periods than copper which was normal additive at the time, but more poisonous and made it possible to postpone the need to repaint. (Gipperth). Though TBT paints more expensive, economic effects and arguments did not stop the quick change. (Gipperth).
=== Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB) ===
PCB’s found in electrical components, cables, vent ducts, misc. gaskets, insulation materials, adhesives, paint, and various rubber and plastic components. (Dodds). To protect environment, PCB’s must be properly incinerated or stored in special landfills where they will not leach into groundwater. (Dodds). PCB’s used for high heat resistance, inflammability, chemical stability, and high boiling point. (Dodds). Exposure to PCB’s creates significant risk of developing various cancers, affect immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Dodds). Chemical compositions of PCB’s change following release into environment. Most carciogenic PCB’s tend to build up in flesh of fish and other animals, those who eating contaminated fish face even greater health threat than shipwrecking industry workers. (Dodds).
=== Lead ===
found in batteries, paints, and components of motors, generators, piping, and cables (Dodds). Health effects of lead exposure in children- learning difficulties, mental retardation, delayed neurological and physical development. Adults- affects nervous system, impairing hearing, vision, and muscle coordination. (Dodds).
=== Bilge Water ===
(oily waste)-Accumulation of potentially polluting liquids in lowest part of ships hull (ships bilge). During mothballing or dismantling process, bilge water increases because of accumulated rainwater, cooling water, and containment water and used during ship breaking process. Bilge water contains oil, cargo residues, inorganix salts, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, and mercury (often spilt into ocean during shipwrecking process). Oil and other wastes threaten overall health and survival or many species and organisms, some of which are endangered.
=== Asbestos === Asbestos found in ship insulation, asbestos fibers pose serious health risk (cancers and lung diseases) to workers who inhale the fibers. Asbestos only known cause of mesothelioma- cancer of lungs, chest cavity, and abdomen.
== '''Occupational'''==
Subsequently, occupational safety and health issues emerge—particularly in association with the dismantling of beached ships in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Chang). Ship recycling workers in these countries do not wear protective equipment (helmets, masks, goggles, no signs of danger). (Chang). Majority of workers have no training with blowtorches or with hazardous substances involved in ship recycling. (Chang). Toxic fumes released during blowtorch cutting process and afterwards paint and coatins continue to smolder. (Chang). Unfortunately, there is no structured training or protective equipment given to the ship breaking workers in these developing countries such as the ship breaking site in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Alang, India]], for that reason it is not uncommon for them to suffer from major accidents. The use in ship breaking in developing countries is especially harmful in terms of child labor laws due to lack of guidelines in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Bangladesh]].

== '''Environmental'''==
carcinogenic and toxic substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ("PCBs"), asbestos, tributanlytin ("TBT"), lead, oil, and polluted ship water are released directly into the ocean. (Dodds). Sediment contamination still in effect and endangers marine and estuarine quality of environment . (Stichnothe)
Typically, navigation channels show low levels of TBT compared to sediments in harbor locations, specifically close to dockyards. (Stichnothe)
Marine biofouling defined as undesirable accumulation of marine organisms on solid surfaces, i.e. ships hull or mechanical equipment, immersed in seawater. (Stichnothe)

== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
[[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]

Green Ships

2015-05-28T20:40:36Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Environmental */

== '''General Harms''' ==
Ships life span 20-25 years, end of 2000 average age of ships in cargo fleet was 19 years. (Dodds)
To maintain average, 1900 ships to be recycled each year, currently 500-700 ships scrapped annually. (Dodds)
Ships decommissioned when deemed no longer safe (steel becomes fatigued from rolling during trans-ocean voyages). (Dodds)
More profitable for ship owners to recycle ships after about 20 years due to high cost of repairs and modifcations to further extend life of ship. (Dodds)
Difficult, near impossible to find cargo for older ships due to insurance companies refusing insurance coverage on cargo booked ships over 20 years old. (Dodds)
Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and China recycle approx. 89% of ldt scrapped worldwide. (Dodds)
Use of antifouling paints containing TBT has been banned since 2003. (Stichnothe)

== '''Transport of Toxins''' ==
=== TBT===
extremely stable and resistant to natural degradation in water, making TBT very toxic to adequate environments (Dodds). an endocrine disrupting chemical causing severe reproductive defects in aquatic organisms (tightly regulated in developed nations) (Dodds). an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Increase recognition of problems with TBT, several countries in mid 1980’s implemented national legislation with specific intentions of limiting use of TBT (Gipperth). As concentration of TBT in water and sediment remained alarmingly high, mainly from pollution from ships flying non-Japanese flags, Japan actively imposed an international ban on TBT antifouling. (Gipperth). After 1988, state action was unnecessary to prohibit the use of TBT, which most likely accounts for the lack of TBT-specific legislation in the other states. Furthermore, because antifouling paints are generally considered pesticides subject to regulation under a state’s generic pesticide laws, specific legislation banning TBT may be considered redundant in some states (Gipperth). TBT compounds most toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, fish algae, mussels, mollusks and fungi. (Stichnothe). Consumption of contaminated seafood by humans can cause severe skin and mucous membranes irritation (Stichnothe). Most severely contaminated sites were commercial harbours and shipyards. (Evans). The worst contamination was at Anacortes shipyard and at site 1.3 km from it. (Evans). High imposex scores from shores close to Port of Seattle, which has complex shipyards and harbours. (Evans). Chemical and biological measures were at background levels within less than 2 km from shipyard in Anacortes and less than 8km from Port of Seattle. (Evans). TBT is an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Used on ship hulls to prevent attachment of marine organisms to hulls, “fouling”(Gipperth). Tin, basic substance of TBT, is effective longer periods than copper which was normal additive at the time, but more poisonous and made it possible to postpone the need to repaint. (Gipperth). Though TBT paints more expensive, economic effects and arguments did not stop the quick change. (Gipperth).
=== Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB) ===
PCB’s found in electrical components, cables, vent ducts, misc. gaskets, insulation materials, adhesives, paint, and various rubber and plastic components. (Dodds). To protect environment, PCB’s must be properly incinerated or stored in special landfills where they will not leach into groundwater. (Dodds). PCB’s used for high heat resistance, inflammability, chemical stability, and high boiling point. (Dodds). Exposure to PCB’s creates significant risk of developing various cancers, affect immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Dodds). Chemical compositions of PCB’s change following release into environment. Most carciogenic PCB’s tend to build up in flesh of fish and other animals, those who eating contaminated fish face even greater health threat than shipwrecking industry workers. (Dodds).
=== Lead ===
found in batteries, paints, and components of motors, generators, piping, and cables (Dodds). Health effects of lead exposure in children- learning difficulties, mental retardation, delayed neurological and physical development. Adults- affects nervous system, impairing hearing, vision, and muscle coordination. (Dodds).
=== Bilge Water ===
(oily waste)-Accumulation of potentially polluting liquids in lowest part of ships hull (ships bilge). During mothballing or dismantling process, bilge water increases because of accumulated rainwater, cooling water, and containment water and used during ship breaking process. Bilge water contains oil, cargo residues, inorganix salts, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, and mercury (often spilt into ocean during shipwrecking process). Oil and other wastes threaten overall health and survival or many species and organisms, some of which are endangered.
=== Asbestos === Asbestos found in ship insulation, asbestos fibers pose serious health risk (cancers and lung diseases) to workers who inhale the fibers. Asbestos only known cause of mesothelioma- cancer of lungs, chest cavity, and abdomen.
== '''Occupational'''==
Subsequently, occupational safety and health issues emerge—particularly in association with the dismantling of beached ships in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Chang). Ship recycling workers in these countries do not wear protective equipment (helmets, masks, goggles, no signs of danger). (Chang). Majority of workers have no training with blowtorches or with hazardous substances involved in ship recycling. (Chang). Toxic fumes released during blowtorch cutting process and afterwards paint and coatins continue to smolder. (Chang). Unfortunately, there is no structured training or protective equipment given to the ship breaking workers in these developing countries such as the ship breaking site in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Alang, India]], for that reason it is not uncommon for them to suffer from major accidents. The use in ship breaking in developing countries is especially harmful in terms of child labor laws due to lack of guidelines in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Bangladesh]].

== '''Environmental'''==
carcinogenic and toxic substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ("PCBs"), asbestos, tributanlytin ("TBT"), lead, oil, and polluted ship water are released directly into the ocean. (Dodds). Sediment contamination still in effect and endangers marine and estuarine quality of environment . (Stichnothe)
Typically, navigation channels show low levels of TBT compared to sediments in harbor locations, specifically close to dockyards. (Stichnothe)
Marine biofouling defined as undesirable accumulation of marine organisms on solid surfaces, i.e. ships hull or mechanical equipment, immersed in seawater. (Stichnothe)

== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
[[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]

Green Ships

2015-05-28T20:39:30Z

VictoriaBeall: /* General Harms */

Green Ships

2015-05-28T20:39:09Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Environmental */

== '''General Harms''' ==
== '''Transport of Toxins''' ==
=== TBT===
extremely stable and resistant to natural degradation in water, making TBT very toxic to adequate environments (Dodds). an endocrine disrupting chemical causing severe reproductive defects in aquatic organisms (tightly regulated in developed nations) (Dodds). an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Increase recognition of problems with TBT, several countries in mid 1980’s implemented national legislation with specific intentions of limiting use of TBT (Gipperth). As concentration of TBT in water and sediment remained alarmingly high, mainly from pollution from ships flying non-Japanese flags, Japan actively imposed an international ban on TBT antifouling. (Gipperth). After 1988, state action was unnecessary to prohibit the use of TBT, which most likely accounts for the lack of TBT-specific legislation in the other states. Furthermore, because antifouling paints are generally considered pesticides subject to regulation under a state’s generic pesticide laws, specific legislation banning TBT may be considered redundant in some states (Gipperth). TBT compounds most toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, fish algae, mussels, mollusks and fungi. (Stichnothe). Consumption of contaminated seafood by humans can cause severe skin and mucous membranes irritation (Stichnothe). Most severely contaminated sites were commercial harbours and shipyards. (Evans). The worst contamination was at Anacortes shipyard and at site 1.3 km from it. (Evans). High imposex scores from shores close to Port of Seattle, which has complex shipyards and harbours. (Evans). Chemical and biological measures were at background levels within less than 2 km from shipyard in Anacortes and less than 8km from Port of Seattle. (Evans). TBT is an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Used on ship hulls to prevent attachment of marine organisms to hulls, “fouling”(Gipperth). Tin, basic substance of TBT, is effective longer periods than copper which was normal additive at the time, but more poisonous and made it possible to postpone the need to repaint. (Gipperth). Though TBT paints more expensive, economic effects and arguments did not stop the quick change. (Gipperth).
=== Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB) ===
PCB’s found in electrical components, cables, vent ducts, misc. gaskets, insulation materials, adhesives, paint, and various rubber and plastic components. (Dodds). To protect environment, PCB’s must be properly incinerated or stored in special landfills where they will not leach into groundwater. (Dodds). PCB’s used for high heat resistance, inflammability, chemical stability, and high boiling point. (Dodds). Exposure to PCB’s creates significant risk of developing various cancers, affect immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Dodds). Chemical compositions of PCB’s change following release into environment. Most carciogenic PCB’s tend to build up in flesh of fish and other animals, those who eating contaminated fish face even greater health threat than shipwrecking industry workers. (Dodds).
=== Lead ===
found in batteries, paints, and components of motors, generators, piping, and cables (Dodds). Health effects of lead exposure in children- learning difficulties, mental retardation, delayed neurological and physical development. Adults- affects nervous system, impairing hearing, vision, and muscle coordination. (Dodds).
=== Bilge Water ===
(oily waste)-Accumulation of potentially polluting liquids in lowest part of ships hull (ships bilge). During mothballing or dismantling process, bilge water increases because of accumulated rainwater, cooling water, and containment water and used during ship breaking process. Bilge water contains oil, cargo residues, inorganix salts, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, and mercury (often spilt into ocean during shipwrecking process). Oil and other wastes threaten overall health and survival or many species and organisms, some of which are endangered.
=== Asbestos === Asbestos found in ship insulation, asbestos fibers pose serious health risk (cancers and lung diseases) to workers who inhale the fibers. Asbestos only known cause of mesothelioma- cancer of lungs, chest cavity, and abdomen.
== '''Occupational'''==
Subsequently, occupational safety and health issues emerge—particularly in association with the dismantling of beached ships in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Chang). Ship recycling workers in these countries do not wear protective equipment (helmets, masks, goggles, no signs of danger). (Chang). Majority of workers have no training with blowtorches or with hazardous substances involved in ship recycling. (Chang). Toxic fumes released during blowtorch cutting process and afterwards paint and coatins continue to smolder. (Chang). Unfortunately, there is no structured training or protective equipment given to the ship breaking workers in these developing countries such as the ship breaking site in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Alang, India]], for that reason it is not uncommon for them to suffer from major accidents. The use in ship breaking in developing countries is especially harmful in terms of child labor laws due to lack of guidelines in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Bangladesh]].

== '''Environmental'''==
carcinogenic and toxic substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ("PCBs"), asbestos, tributanlytin ("TBT"), lead, oil, and polluted ship water are released directly into the ocean. (Dodds)

== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
[[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]

Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations

2015-05-28T20:37:51Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Green Ship Countries */

== '''Hong Kong Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
Hong Kong Convention has been adopted under the auspices of the IMO in 2009 after more than five years of negotiations, and is expected to enter into force in 2015. (Alam). The aim of the Convention is to provide regulations for the design, construction, operation and preparation of ships so as to facilitate safe and environmentally sound recycling. (Alam). The Convention requires all vessels to carry detailed, regularly updated inventories of hazardous materials throughout their years of service. (Alam)

=== '''Strengths''' ===
The Convention requires all vessels to carry detailed, regularly updated inventories of hazardous materials throughout their years of service. (Alam). ships to be sent for recycling will have to meet certification standards, including carrying out an inventory of hazardous materials, specific to each ship. Ships will have to have an initial survey to verify the inventory of hazardous materials, surveys during the life of the ship, and a final survey prior to recycling, (Alam). Ship recycling yards must be authorised,30 and will be required to provide a ‘Ship Recycling Plan’, to specify the manner in which each ship will be recycled, depending on its particulars and its inventory. (Alam). This Convention tries to cover all aspects of a ship's life (described by Bhattacharjee as ‘the cradle-to-grave-approach. (Alam). The Convention addresses the crucial issue of ‘green ship building and design’ which neither the Basel Convention nor any other international treaties directly addresses. (Alam). May 2009, Hong Kong International Convention for Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships adopted. (Chang). Aimed at ensuring ships when recycled after reaching end of operational lives do not pose unnecessary risk to human health and safety or to the environment (Chang). Convention applies to: ships entitled to fly the flag of a Party or operating under its authority and ship-recycling facilities operating under the jurisdiction of a Party (Chang)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
Arguably, this is a substantial improvement on the approach of the Basel Convention, 33 though ‘the 2009 Hong Kong Convention itself does not introduce a compulsory and environmentally sound shiprecycling method. (Alam). Furthermore it fails to adequately address ‘final management of waste’, and it has multiple exclusions such as ‘warships, naval auxiliary ships or other ships owned or operated by a Party and used only on governmental, non-commercial service. (Alam). However, the newly adopted Convention has been criticised as it does not impose substantial obligations on shipbreaking countries or ship owners to improve the present conditions. It fails to demand decontamination of ships within developed countries prior to the final export. (Alam). It seems to shift the responsibility of polluters to the victims by concentrating only on downstream environmentally sound management of ship dismantling whilst ignoring the realities of the true capacity of developing countries to adhere to such obligations. (Alam). As shipbreaking is primarily conducted in developing countries—those with the lowest capacity—the Convention's focus on these countries undermines the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. (Alam). The Convention also does not entirely ban the practices of dismantling ships on beaches. In fact, the IMO Ship Recycling Convention is much weaker than the Basel Convention. (Alam). The ultimate difficulty with the Hong Kong Convention relates to its enforcement, for example, it requires ‘the signature of the five main ship recycling States, including Bangladesh, China, India, Pakistan and Turkey. (Alam). However, domestic law enforcement in Bangladesh is hampered by the lack of recognition of shipbreaking as a formal industry. (Alam)

== '''AFS Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
According to AFS, will enter force and become binding on the parties one year after 25 states, representing 25% of the world’s merchant shipping tonnage, have ratified it. (Gipperth). Panama became the 25th state (out of 166 IMO member countries) to ratify the convention. These 25 countries represent 38.09% of worlds merchant shipping tonnage, convention entered force September 2008. (Gipperth)

=== '''Strengths''' ===
AFS Convention prohibited all use of TBT based antifouling paints in 2008. (Stichnothe)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
Due to entering into force of AFS convention on September 2008, huge amount of TBT containing wastes is expected to be produced, near shipyards, in following months. (Stichnothe)

== '''European Commission''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
The main aim of the regulation is that European ships have to be dismantled in safe and environmentally sound facilities. (Alam). According to the Regulation, all waste, including end-of-life ships and vessels, destined for disposal is subject to the requirement of prior notification. (Alam).

=== '''Strengths''' ===
In March 2012, the European Commission adopted a proposal for new regulation on ship recycling, which has been approved by the European Parliament in April 2013. (Alam). The proposal aims to implement the Basel Convention and an Amendment to the Convention (the ‘Ban Amendment’), which has not yet entered into force. (Alam). European ships are only allowed to be recycled in facilities that are registered in a European list of recycling facilities (apply for inclusion with evidence that they meet stipulated requirements) (Alam)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
== '''Basel Convention''' ==
=== '''Summary''' ===
The Basel Convention remains the principal international legal instrument of regulation on the shipbreaking industry. (Alam). The main purpose of the Basel Convention is to ensure that parties take responsibility for their own hazardous waste, establish hazardous waste disposal facilities (including recycling) within their territory, minimise the generation and transboundary movement of hazardous waste, and ensure that they do not export the hazards and damage to human health and the environment, to other countries. (Alam). The European Waste Shipment Regulation 259/93/EEC determines which procedures to apply before waste can be shipped within, into and out of the European Community.26 The Regulation is largely based on the Basel Convention. (Alam). In most cases, ships exported for shipbreaking are a clear violation of these objectives. (Alam). United States dominated many of original Basel Convention negotiations, failed to ratify agreement, joining Haiti and Afghanistan as only signatories to the agreement that have failed to ratify treaty.

=== '''Strengths''' ===
Firstly, it obligates the Parties, irrespective of their status (e.g., State of Export, Import, Transit, flag or port State), to prohibit or not permit the export of hazardous and other wastes to parties, which have prohibited the import of such wastes. (Alam). Basel Convention is environmentally sound management, which means taking all practicable steps to ensure protection of human health and the environment. (Alam). Basel Convention defines “illegal traffic” of hazardous wastes and makes it a criminal act. (Alam). Basel Convention's 7th Conference of Parties has recognised that end-oflife vessels containing PCBs, asbestos, heavy metals and other hazardous substances should be legally defined as hazardous wastes in international law. (Alam). Therefore, ships containing such hazardous constituents and destined for ship breaking should be defined as hazardous wastes. This is a significant area of reform for the Basel Convention which requires clarification. (Alam). failure to prescribe a process by which to ascertain the information has meant that assessment is reliant on representations made by authorities in the importing state. This is problematic where lack of capacity and endemic corruption are regularly encountered. (Alam). The Basel Ban Amendment64 prohibits all hazardous wastes from being transported from OECD nations to non-OECD nations. (Alam). The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (34 countries founded in 1961) http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/list-oecd-member-countries.htm. (Alam). establishes a total ban on exports of hazardous wastes from OECD and EC countries to developing countries. Fulfills the purpose of the convention, namely, “to prevent the developed nations from ‘dumping’ on the developing nations. (Alam)

=== '''Weaknesses''' ===
ambiguities in the Convention. Arts. 4.1 and 6 of the Basel Convention stipulates that no shipment of waste should take place without all “States Concerned” being informed and consented. (Alam). It is well known that this requirement can be circumvented by unscrupulous waste ship traders by declaring a ship to be waste only after it is in international waters or already at the shipbreaking state. (Alam). The “prior informed consent” (PIC) mechanism requires that the state of export informs an importing state of any transfer, detailing accurately the nature and volume of the waste, and receives written consent from the state of import. (Alam). Violations have shown, however, that exporting parties frequently misrepresent the nature of the waste involved. (Alam). Abidjan disaster the waste concerned was described as ‘routine slops’, the dirty water from washing naval tanks, but was revealed to actually be a mixture of fuels, caustic soda and over two tonnes of hydrogen sulphide. (Alam). This lack of technical capacity has meant that importing states are often unable to ascertain whether the information provided is indeed correct. (Alam). The difficulties are further exacerbated by the fact that the Convention offers no explanation of ‘environmentally sound management’ beyond, ‘taking all practicable steps to ensure that hazardous wastes or other wastes are managed in a manner which will protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects which may result from such wastes’. 53 Exactly what is required then is subject to interpretation and conjecture. (Alam). This limitation has resulted in what is termed the ‘recycling loophole’. 59 It is argued that most waste transfers claimed to be for reuse or reclamation are either ‘sham recycling’, where future use is fabricated to disguise the fact that the waste is actually bound for dumping or ‘dirty recycling’, where the recycling process itself is harmful to the environment and human health. (Alam). Amendment struggles to take significant effect, as participation in ratifying the amendment is low and it has not entered into force yet. (Alam). no direct legal ban on the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes from developed to developing countries. (Alam). Basel Convention- Minimize amount and hazard level of wastes generated worldwide, where generation of hazardous waste is unavoidable such wastes should be disposed of as close to source of generation as possible, stresses environmentally sound management and disposal of hazardous wastes (last point is vague in the treaty, not enforceable or accountable). (Dodds). Basel Convention-failed to create fund to minimize damage from international hazardous wastes, did not prohibit transfer of hazardous waste but rather facilitated movement to countries with developing economies. (Dodds). Basel Convention totally exempts bilateral and multilateral agreements with nonparty countries(nonmember countries, US, and member countries, India, to enter into contracts for disposal of waste). (Dodds). 1989 Basel Convention not entirely adequate to challenge all risks and problems arising from ship recycling facilities. (Chang). Basel convention does not indicate detailed rules for the recycling process, because of this the IMO took ship recycling and its environmental impact onto its agenda. (Chang)
== '''Miscellaneous Conventions''' ==
The Law of the Sea Convention 1982 contains obligations of the states concerning land-based environmental pollution of the sea; most important the obligations contained in Articles 192 and 194. According to Article 192, ‘states have the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment’. Furthermore, states shall according to Article 194 ‘take […] measures […] to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment’. Bangladesh ratified this Convention in 2001
The Stockholm Convention can be relevant when considering Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) such as PCBs; a pervasive substance in many ships
International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling Systems on Ships 2001. It prohibits the use of anti-fouling systems that burdens the environment. Anti-fouling systems that use organotin compounds have to have an additional layer as a barrier to prevent the harmful substances from being released to the environment.
substandard beaching yards the anti-fouling paint usually does not get removed professionally, but simply gets scaped off and released to the environment.
damaging not only to the workers, but also to the coastal ecosystem.
The requirement of over-coating worsens the problem because it makes it more difficult to remove the harmful bottom layer of paint.
IMO dedicated legislator of global shipping industry since maritime catastrophes in 1960’s. (Chang)
In addition, joint efforts with the IMO, the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Conference of Parties to the 1989 Basel Convention were also made to establish a Joint Working Group on Ship Scrapping. (Chang)
Since decision making process within IMO (International Maritime Organization) is base on principle of state sovereignty, state members are free to enter any IMO Convention. (Gipperth)
== '''Green Ship Countries'''==
[[Green Ships:Green Ship Countries|Green Ship Countries]]

Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations

2015-05-28T20:37:32Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Green Ship Countries */

Green Ships

2015-05-28T20:36:52Z

VictoriaBeall: /* Ship breaking Regulations */

== '''General Harms''' ==
== '''Transport of Toxins''' ==
=== TBT===
extremely stable and resistant to natural degradation in water, making TBT very toxic to adequate environments (Dodds). an endocrine disrupting chemical causing severe reproductive defects in aquatic organisms (tightly regulated in developed nations) (Dodds). an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Increase recognition of problems with TBT, several countries in mid 1980’s implemented national legislation with specific intentions of limiting use of TBT (Gipperth). As concentration of TBT in water and sediment remained alarmingly high, mainly from pollution from ships flying non-Japanese flags, Japan actively imposed an international ban on TBT antifouling. (Gipperth). After 1988, state action was unnecessary to prohibit the use of TBT, which most likely accounts for the lack of TBT-specific legislation in the other states. Furthermore, because antifouling paints are generally considered pesticides subject to regulation under a state’s generic pesticide laws, specific legislation banning TBT may be considered redundant in some states (Gipperth). TBT compounds most toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, fish algae, mussels, mollusks and fungi. (Stichnothe). Consumption of contaminated seafood by humans can cause severe skin and mucous membranes irritation (Stichnothe). Most severely contaminated sites were commercial harbours and shipyards. (Evans). The worst contamination was at Anacortes shipyard and at site 1.3 km from it. (Evans). High imposex scores from shores close to Port of Seattle, which has complex shipyards and harbours. (Evans). Chemical and biological measures were at background levels within less than 2 km from shipyard in Anacortes and less than 8km from Port of Seattle. (Evans). TBT is an organotin compound, one of most hazardous in marine environment. Tin is basic substance in TBT (Gipperth). Used on ship hulls to prevent attachment of marine organisms to hulls, “fouling”(Gipperth). Tin, basic substance of TBT, is effective longer periods than copper which was normal additive at the time, but more poisonous and made it possible to postpone the need to repaint. (Gipperth). Though TBT paints more expensive, economic effects and arguments did not stop the quick change. (Gipperth).
=== Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB) ===
PCB’s found in electrical components, cables, vent ducts, misc. gaskets, insulation materials, adhesives, paint, and various rubber and plastic components. (Dodds). To protect environment, PCB’s must be properly incinerated or stored in special landfills where they will not leach into groundwater. (Dodds). PCB’s used for high heat resistance, inflammability, chemical stability, and high boiling point. (Dodds). Exposure to PCB’s creates significant risk of developing various cancers, affect immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Dodds). Chemical compositions of PCB’s change following release into environment. Most carciogenic PCB’s tend to build up in flesh of fish and other animals, those who eating contaminated fish face even greater health threat than shipwrecking industry workers. (Dodds).
=== Lead ===
found in batteries, paints, and components of motors, generators, piping, and cables (Dodds). Health effects of lead exposure in children- learning difficulties, mental retardation, delayed neurological and physical development. Adults- affects nervous system, impairing hearing, vision, and muscle coordination. (Dodds).
=== Bilge Water ===
(oily waste)-Accumulation of potentially polluting liquids in lowest part of ships hull (ships bilge). During mothballing or dismantling process, bilge water increases because of accumulated rainwater, cooling water, and containment water and used during ship breaking process. Bilge water contains oil, cargo residues, inorganix salts, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, and mercury (often spilt into ocean during shipwrecking process). Oil and other wastes threaten overall health and survival or many species and organisms, some of which are endangered.
=== Asbestos === Asbestos found in ship insulation, asbestos fibers pose serious health risk (cancers and lung diseases) to workers who inhale the fibers. Asbestos only known cause of mesothelioma- cancer of lungs, chest cavity, and abdomen.
== '''Occupational'''==
Subsequently, occupational safety and health issues emerge—particularly in association with the dismantling of beached ships in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. (Chang). Ship recycling workers in these countries do not wear protective equipment (helmets, masks, goggles, no signs of danger). (Chang). Majority of workers have no training with blowtorches or with hazardous substances involved in ship recycling. (Chang). Toxic fumes released during blowtorch cutting process and afterwards paint and coatins continue to smolder. (Chang). Unfortunately, there is no structured training or protective equipment given to the ship breaking workers in these developing countries such as the ship breaking site in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Alang, India]], for that reason it is not uncommon for them to suffer from major accidents. The use in ship breaking in developing countries is especially harmful in terms of child labor laws due to lack of guidelines in [[Green Ships: Green Ship Countries|Bangladesh]].

== '''Environmental'''==

== '''Ship breaking Regulations''' ==
[[Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations|Conventions of Interest Subpage -->]]

Green Ships:Ship breaking Regulations

2015-05-28T20:35:37Z

VictoriaBeall: